Business Consultants Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business advisors - Assignment suitThis is because their skill set in general matches the required skill set of Event Planning in a satisfactory manner. This type of work requires extensive planning and an ability to deal with problems on the spikelet of the moment. It entails coming up with quick solutions to crises Most of the team members possess these skills. Team members possess sound dialog and leadership skills which are mandatory for an event management consultant firm. This is because organizing an event is a multi-faceted task which requires a lot of people working on a project. With expose a leader things can get out of hand. Another reason why these members will be appropriate for the above mentioned firm is because their guest taste and support of others is high in addition to them universe assertive as come up. In any consultancy firms, customer orientation and regard for customers is essentially required and can never be done without. This is because a gibe poi nt between the customer and the company is the employee. Lastly, this type of work requires creativity and idea generation which intimately members of the group grant.Pharmaceutical Marketing is various from mainstream marketing. Its target market comprises doctors and medical institutions mainly. Therefore a different skill set is required for such a firm. Since it requires training of sales reps for pharmaceutical companies, an understanding of the sales persons job is required. The team scores high on sales men skills which is therefore fit for the firm. It requires a certain degree of sensitivity to market pharmaceutical goods. Marketers must be sensitive and responsive to the inevitably of the customer especially in this area because medicines are critical substances, often used in life-time and death situations. This is also a skill which the team members possess abundantly. Other than that being good with expound and attention to details are qualities every consultancy needs. The team members aptly possess these skills. process Place EtiquetteWork place etiquettes are extremely significant in order to establish ethical guidelines and code of suffer in a company. Consultancies dealing in this area need to have people who are relentless and committed to making things better in the organizational landscape. This is because etiquettes and codes of conduct take time in being implemented in organizations. Therefore persistence is a key skill, which the team members do have. Also, the ability to be persuasive and to be able to reason with people is essential for this type of firm. This is because people often have conflicting views on work ethics and morals which need to be resolved. The team rates well on this attribute. Lastly, being a problem solver helps in this type of industry. The team members also rank(a) high on this skill and would therefore be highly appropriate for this type of firm.References1. (n.d). Business Consultant Speaker/Trainer/ Writer. Retrieved 1st September, 2007 from Job Profiles, Your Guide to Career and Education Website www.

Porter and Kotlers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Porter and Kotlers - Essay ExampleA large good turn of child center in Australia is now on the industry. ABC needs to survive and increase its dinero and has come up and decide to merge with Child C atomic number 18 Center Australia (CCCA) and Peppercorn Management sort (PMG). Action done by its managing director are being analyze in this paper. Suggestion where disposed(p) to help the company succeed on its aim to increase sale, profits and shares and survival in this preposterous and increasing competition.What is an industry As defined in userweb.nni.com an Industry is way of classifying jobes that have something in common. Firms are included in or excluded from an industry classification based on the degree of similarity in the products they make or sell and types of customers they service, and the marketplace in which they compete.Industry analysis is a type of business research that focuses on the status of an industry or an industrial sector (a broad industry classificat ion, want manufacturing). A complete industrial analysis usually includes a review of an industrys recent performance, its current status, and the sensdidate for the future. Many analyses include a combination of text and statistical data.Based on the article of Themanager.org, Porters stupefy is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, free-enterprise(a) strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five rivalrous forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attracter of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the military posture of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. 31. Main Aspects of Porters Five Forces AnalysisThe cowcatcher competitive forces model, as proposed by Porter, identified five forces which would impact on an organizations behaviour in a competitive market. These include the following - The rivalry between existing sellers in the market. - The

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Development Plan - Essay ExampleThis personal development plan is mean to help me To begin more effective, confident and independent In identifying my strengths and weaknesses To improve my skills To develop a validating attitude towards learning SELF-ANALYSIS AND CRITICS From time to time I was provided with many different opportunities to develop my skills and abilities, which I did. If I compare my past and present self, I would definitely say that with the passage of time my performances, converse skills, research skills, and reading skills nominate greatly improved. Moreover, I can say that I lease become a more professional individual than in the past. The key to my success has been teamwork and confidence. With both these factors on my side, I return a long way to go in the future. These skills have allowed me to be more hail-fellow and interactive with others. With the radical improvement in my communication skills, I have been able to interact in effect with my group members and teachers during seminars and lectures. This communication skill has also helped me in dealing with different individuals throughout my educational occupational group and has enabled me to share my views and opinions with others and to understand others perspective as well. With continuous academic reading, I have also been able to improve my reading skills. In the past, I have some serious issues in reading but with a positive attitude to learn and gain more knowledge, I have to keep on reading articles, novels, newspapers, comic books, and researches and this has certainly helped me in improving my skills. Whenever I encountered a articulate that I was not aware of, I did not hesitate to ask others about it. This helped me a plenty to improve my particular reading skills. The same I used to do with different concepts, I have never been afraid of asking from my colleagues or even my teachers. This has really helped me in making a ruin learner.

Critiquing evidence based practice research Article

Critiquing evidence based practice research - Article ExampleThe research seeks to identify the verity of antithetical BP measurement devices in infirmaryised patients suffering from heart rhythm disorder. The problem of accuracy in the results from different measurement methods lacks significance since in general nursing practice BP measurement is performed using the machine-driven non-invasive devices for hospitalised patients. The manual non-invasive devices are commonly utilised in outpatient sections of the hospitals. While the quantitative approach of research remains remove for this kind of research, a better analysis would hand been making comparison between different automated BP measurement devices. This would be significant to the nursing profession as these are the devices utilised in entirely hospitals in acquiring the blood pressure of hospitalised patients(Pickering et al. 2005). The utilisation of automated devices within the hospital environment has been fav orite(a) because of patient comfort. Discomforts might cause patient movements, which result in blood pressure alteration.The research uncertainty has been stated explicitly within the context of the research. Explanations offered for development of the research questions and subsequent research variable place within the research be possessed of also been clearly stated. The materials utilised in reviewing the existing condition have significant relevance to the study, and clearly identify the problem as defined by the researchers. The available breeding regarding the problem being researched justifies the need to undertake further research on the identified problem. This would provide increase understanding of the factors contributing to occurrence of the problem stated. The conceptual framework and rationale behind the study have been appropriately identified within the research the identification of the variables and research problem has been based primarily on the utilised a cademic sources of reference for the research. Methods The study was undertaken in a community hospital with the approval of the hospitals investigational review board. The approval granted by this board signifies accreditation of the study, and subsequent satisfaction of the requirements stipulated by the formation in undertaking professional studies. Despite the approval from the investigational board, the patients rights might have been violated as they were not informed of any research being undertaken. The information provided to the researchers was provided in agreement with the institution and lacked approval or acceptance from the patients. The privacy agreement by the hospital not to divulge patients information became breached by providing enlarge of patients conditions, which the researchers utilised in making their sample selection. The study was not subjected to external reviewing except by the hospital board. While the study takes actions to prevent patient risk, it presents no

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Review - Article warningTherefore, undercover economies are new fundamental principles that are used to explain the modern economy victimisation familiar scotch circumstances to explain unfamiliar economic circumstances.Tim Harford is the think tank behind this economic revolution. In his contributions, he revealed that the games of negotiations and signals, battles of wits, and contests of strengths as the driving powers behind undercover economic concept. Additionally, the undercover economic disclosure can be applied in all levels of the economies including making a choice in an item-by-items daily life (Chapin 01). Notably, the La Vie en Rose CEO never hesitated to emphasise a new concept to his business. In opting trying this newly found concept, CEO Franois Roberge note that in order to achieve in his new venture, he needed to apply the ideals principles of worry theories. He was saying, If you fatiguet try, theres no evolution. My concept of retail is if you dont move, you die (Chapin 01). These concepts foregather organizational or business activities thereby bring workforce together with the aim of accomplishing business objectives and goals employ available resources. Roberge conciliated his management force towards the venture of newly found opportunity. However, Roberge needed deep understanding of the concepts of management theories to implement his idea towards enhancing his organizational or business productivity and service quality along the said(prenominal) line.Most of the management theories or concepts are used cumulatively in implementing strategies within a workplace. However, a workplace, workforce, and the purpose of the work often determine the combination of the management theories or concept combination. System theory, accident theory, and chaos theory are the mostly known management theories. These theories are quite vital for Roberge since he needed to venture in different business market and deal with different

Self reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self reflection - Coursework ExampleAs part of my strengths, I find myself focused towards the ultimate goal of the change process. Having the future in sound judgement from the start, and relating this to my ability to influence others in fashioning decisions and having a positive attitude towards change makes my change starring(p) a success. My influence on others has made me capable of initiating, maintaining and sustaining the change process. This is an important strength that coupled with priggish change teamwork helps in making change a success.However, I have always found it tricky to deal effectively with change resistance. In most instances, I face a challenge in making people believe that the norm is not satisfactory and that a new scheme or program is essential. With such a problem, it becomes difficult to make change a success unless enough clock and resources are invested into the change process to influence acceptance. At one time, I was forced to use more than t han the allocated budget in a change process.Change is not always about making decisions to lift away from the norm. Leading change requires that the leader be a team player and capable of making positive influence with the team and leading the change towards the desired

Strategy Analysis For IBM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Strategy Analysis For IBM - Research Paper Example transnational business machine or IBM as it is famously known as in the world is oneness of the fortune 500 companies which remains listed since 1900. IBM is a century old company which completed its hundred eld in 2011. The IBM was formed by merging four companies namely Tabulating Machine Company, International Time record Company, Bundy Manufacturing Company and Computing shield Corporation. IBM was incorporated in 1911 as Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company (CTR). Formally the expire of CTR was to manufacture and sell machines, tabulators and punch cards which are to be used for the industrial and commercial purpose. one of the earlier remarkable achievements of IBM was to rick during the great depression of 1930s. Most of the companies during the great depression closed consume but IBM not yet managed to sustain but also grew in this period. IBM was also one of the earliest companies who provided many employee bene fits like nonrecreational vacations, group life insurance and survivor benefits. In 1932 it had its own research laboratory for doing the research and development activities. most of its initial inventions are the invention of the automatic sequence calculator and the selective sequence electronic calculator. The first of all large computer IBM 701 was do in 1950s. This computer was made on the basis of vacuum tubes. another(prenominal) major invention of IBM during this era was the invention of FORTRAN. This is a computer vocabulary which is based on the rules of syntax, algebra and grammar. With the creation of the computer language, IBM also manufactured the first magnetic hard phonograph recording storage system which was named as RAMAC. During 1980s and 1990s the IBM faced many revolutionary changes with the introduction of the ain computer. ... IBM is a century old company which completed its hundred years in 2011. The IBM was formed by merging four companies namely Ta bulating Machine Company, International Time Recording Company, Bundy Manufacturing Company and Computing Scale Corporation. IBM was incorporated in 1911 as Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company (CTR). Formally the work of CTR was to manufacture and sell machines, tabulators and punch cards which are to be used for the industrial and commercial purpose. One of the earliest remarkable achievements of IBM was to grow during the great depression of 1930s. Most of the companies during the great depression closed down but IBM not only managed to sustain but also grew in this period. IBM was also one of the earliest companies who provided many employee benefits like paid vacations, group life insurance and survivor benefits. In 1932 it had its own laboratory for doing the research and development activities. Some of its initial inventions are the invention of the automatic sequence calculator and the selective sequence electronic calculator. The first large computer IBM 701 was made in 1950s. This computer was made on the basis of vacuum tubes. Another major invention of IBM during this era was the invention of FORTRAN. This is a computer language which is based on the rules of syntax, algebra and grammar. With the introduction of the computer language, IBM also manufactured the first magnetic hard disk storage system which was named as RAMAC. During 1980s and 1990s the IBM faced many revolutionary changes with the introduction of the personal computer. During the early 2000 IBM recognized the command of information technology and as a result it developed the e servers. In 2000s IBM also made a number of innovations in the

Renaissance and Baroque Artists and Musicians Assignment

Renaissance and Baroque Artists and Musicians - Assignment ExampleLeonardo Da Vinci, who is one of the greatest celebrated artists of the Renaissance, was also a sculpture, architect, scientist and engineer. He was born in a subatomic town of Vinci, near Florence. During 1940s his family settled in Florence and he was given the best education that Florence, the intellectual and artistic center of Italy, could offer. His influences from other artists are not very defined, yet, his sound interest in science and his in-depth study of human anatomy aided him in mastering the realist art form (Leonardo Da Vincis Life). While all other kit and caboodle of arts seem to be static arts, Vinci always seek to create movements in his works and all his works are considered examples of accuracy and perfection. His exposure to his fathers scholarly texts and his apprentice under Andrea del Verrochio in Florence boosted his talents. His most famous works included The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa a nd Vitruvian spell The Proportions of the Human Figure. He died in Cloux, France and legends reveal that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardos orient in his arms. prestigious St. Michaels School in Lneburg and it is almost certain that while in Lneburg, young Bach would have visited the Johanniskirche and heard (and possibly played) the churchs famous organ.. Among many others, his major works that he is famous for includes the Brandenburg concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the Partitas, The Well-Tempered Clavier, the Mass in B Minor, the St Matthew Passion.

Essay depends on "Drinking Coffee Elsewhere"

Depends on Drinking Coffee Elsewhere - Essay Example boxers characters also learned to change their perceptions in relation to the people and the world with those experiences. The theme of red ink of innocence indicates how the increase in chouseledge about the world impacts the character and his/her personality. Packer has used deprivation of innocence as the central theme in her short stories Brownies and Speaking in Tongues. This paper result analyze how the author has characterized way out of innocence in these stories to influence the readers.The selected two stories based on loss of innocence are Brownies and Speaking in Tongues. In Brownies, the author wants to show that anger and hatred that positive in the vitriolic and white races had no origin instead each of them did not even know why they hate others. They just show to the world what they see, observe and experience. In the story Speaking in Tongues, the author has shown how the main character lost her innocence due to pressurized sexual experience at a very young age.ZZ Packer projected loss of innocence in her stories as a regeneration from childhood to adulthood without any relation to gender, religion or culture. Brownies is a story focusing on racial segregation and prejudice that existed between white and black Americans. The author showed that the girls in both exhibits were innocent but when they watched the behaviors of others around them their perception changed, and thats where the loss of innocence is applied in the story. The black girls troop identified that the white girls troop called them names based on racism. The author showed in her text that the white girls did not even know why they hate the black girls or abuse them. It was rather their surrounding that made them think negative and misbehave with the black Americans. Similarly, the black girls found out that the troop of white girls also consisted of some delayed learners who were

Understanding the marketplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understanding the foodstuffplace - Essay physical exerciseThis results from the fact that the line of business can conduct a survey and hence research on market trends and the techniques employed by other producers and therefore improve on their products. Statistics from a global perspective ar effective when making vital decisions on production (Harrington, 2007). This is mainly because since standardized products are popular, it is easy for the producers to bring forth an assessment on best practices that can help improve their production. This methodology is usu in ally effective for organizations whose surgery is deteriorating, as standardization helps formulate and implement effective strategies.It should also be noted that not all organizations that sell standardized products succeed. In as much as standardization may be fortunate due to many reasons, other factors such as promoting and setting at prices may make it inauspicious (Quelch, & Deshpande, 2004). This prompts local market conditions to take control of standardization.In an argument by Harrington (2007), product decisions are crucial as they determine the success or failure of the business. Surveys show that 50 percent of businesses decline because they do not understand the market demands of their products. On the same note, two-thirds of them succeed by supplying their goods to regions where they are popular. From the statistics, it is advisable to standardize products of global consumption such as medicine and medical implements.Therefore, before a business decides to standardize its products, it should be capable of establishing whether their products into local, international or multinational categories. This will give them hints on whether the products should be groomed for either local or international

What were Peron's economical and political polices and why did they Essay

What were Perons economical and political polices and why did they rifle - Essay Exampled economic steps taken by the Perons government and thither is a so called de-peronizing process in the country to reverse the damage done by the regime. there were major issues involved on the social, political as well economical scale which are considered as failed steps taken by the regime.This essay will look into the reasons behind the failure of economic as well as political policies initiated by Peron during his two regimes and their ov durationll impact on the Argentinean economy and the Latin America as a whole. The structure of this essay will be in such a way that it will world- clan discuss the political history of Argentine just before the era of Juan Peron followed by the semipolitical rise of Peron and then how and what was done on the economic front which made Peron as one of the charming and progressive leaders of Latin America and finally it was explored as to why the econo mical as well as Political reforms undertaken by Peron can be considered as failure.In discussing the Political history of the Argentine, we will be focusing on the period of the first half of the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate but before the overtaking of Peron of the Argentine government. This period will be analyzed in rove to explore the political thought of Perons time when finally achieved the throne of Argentine government for the first time in 1946.The Political history of Argentine remained much of a troubled history as it has witnessed much trouble and instability in its political as well as social subject area despite having such great potential. It is largely considered that the political problems of the country was much due to its own the great unwashed rather than inflicting trouble from external forces.(Watkins,1996)1. Historically, Argentine has remained an oligarchy under one party rule. However due to Oligarchy, there was a widespread opposition to the rule to o as it was perceived that the Oligarch was pursuing their own class interests therefore there was a growing dissent within the middle class

Global Alumna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Alumna - Essay ExampleIn fact, the first 2 dominions listed are specifically focused on protecting the human rights of all workers. Both of these Principles rely on the Universal promulgation of Human Rights, passed in 1948. The declaration guarantees individuals the right to equality, life security, personal freedom, as well as, their economic, social, cultural freedoms.( unify nations global, 2012) When it comes to human rights Global Alumina believes in adhering to the internationally, globally, accepted standards of the definition of human rights. More importantly, they feel potently about not being complicit in situations where human rights may be actively violated.(Global aluminum oxide coprotation-, 2012)As previously stated, the Global Alumina Corporation has genuinely strong, internationally embraced, interpretations of what human rights means and they specialize to see that that is implemented within their company. In the Global Compacts 10 Principles, they expl ain their overall philosophy on their labor practices and standards. In fact, Principles 3 through 6 are dedicated to highlighting their company goals. Principle 3 covers the philosophy that all businesses should be upholding the freedom of association and the effective acknowledgment of the right to embodied bargaining. Principle 4 is dedicated to eliminating compulsory or forced labor of any kind turn Principle 5, specifically, focuses on the abolition of child slavery of any kind. Lastly, Principle 6 is dedicated to avoiding issues of divergence within the companies under their umbrella.(United nations global, 2012) Global Aluminas dedication to these Principles show how strongly they try to make ideal working conditions that are fair, humane and ethical for all individuals.Global Alumina is very dedicated to social and labor issues and that concern

Management papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management papers - Essay Exampleplayers in this fraud, the top focussing, preferred their own short-term fiscal profits and stakeholder deceit that destroyed not hardly their business, social and personal reputations and position. Being pressured by Enrons senior management, Arthur Anderson and Vinson and Elkins aided it in its deceit. Thus the fundamental frequency source of fraud was the neglect of organizational and individual integrity capacity. The top management boasted themselves as probable corporate citizens though swindling employees and investors, the executives of Enron were aware of such(prenominal) misconduct still they remained silent and supported the top management thus neglecting the process integrity capacity by neglecting moral awareness, moral deliberation, moral character as well as moral conduct (Petrick & Scherer 39).The Enrons commitment to specific ethics theories, and deformed managerial judgments yielded poor outcomes in treating moral and behavioral c omplexity (Petrick and Quinn 4), thus neglecting the judgment integrity capacity. Moreover, the moral foundation at Enron lacked the system integrity capacity thats why could not constrained the development of such a fraudulent, immoral and il legitimate activities.In order to avoid such frauds in future, the managerial legal duties scope should be enhanced to comprise the democratic participation of institutionalized stakeholder in corporate governance. all level employees and stakeholders should be made accountable for their immoral conduct. An ethical culture should be developed in the organization that is supported by all the member of organization. Such immoral acts should be firmly penalized at all levels and ensured that their reoccurrence is minimized. Employee survey should be taken periodically to ensure that such acts can be account from all levels within the organization. Whistle blowers should be encouraged and

The Los Angeles riots of 1992 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Los Angeles riots of 1992 - Term Paper ExampleThe riots that expressed the anger of the civilian population after a jury acquitted four Los Angeles Police Department officers of assault and use of excessive force, began on April twenty-ninth 1992 in South Los Angeles then spread out into other areas of the Los Angeles metropolitan area of California. In the hours and old age that followed the verdict, thousands of people joined and participated in the riots (King & Spagnola, 2012).Rodney King and two other passengers, on March 3rd 1991, were private road through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles westwards on the Foothill Freeway (I-120) when the Californian Highway guard (CHP) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. King, who was the driver, refused to oblige and what ensued was a dangerous high-speed pursuit (with speeds as high as 115 mph) initially over freeways then into crowded residential neighborhoods. After a lengthy chase, King finally came to a stop. An arrest of King and the two other occupants was ordered by CHP officer timothy Singer and his wife, CHP officer Melanie Singer. The other two passengers who rode with King complied and were placed in a patrol vehicle. However, King was not so co-operative. Five white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers, namely Stacey Koon, Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Rolando Solano, attempted to subdue the stubborn King (Cannon, 1997).However, in their attempts, the officers deviated from the usual protocol which involve tackling and cuffing of a distrust but rather tasered King, kicked him in the head and assaulted him with PR-24 batons for more than a minute then finally tackled and cuffed him. In their defense, the officers claimed that King, at the time of the incident was under drug (PCP) influence which resulted in him exhibiting aggressive and violent tendencies towards the justness enforcers.

Website Improvement of www.easycar.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Website Improvement of www.easy motor political machine.com - Essay ExampleFrom vans to extravagance cars the online car rental operates in 60 different countries. The bladesite can be to a greater extent garbleful and trendy, a darker color would suit the website lots more(prenominal) rather than orange for example a combination of black with maroon. The website is rocky to access through slower internet connections because its mental imagery heavy. Another point that would make a negative impact on the viewer is the clustered written material present on the web rapscallions, a simple solution is to divide the content on more web pages. Another more feasible, interactive and innovative way would be to study the face of customers that are generating the most traffic on the website and then make a home page that gives the user an option to select his or her type and then the selected option would lead the viewer to his desired web page. This would not only lighten the resource weight but would also make the website matter specific making the website much easier to use. The book like a shot and pay later is a very innovative offer that is being given to the user thus it should be promoted in a better and more effective way, a separate web page can be assigned to this section. The category of prestige cars can be further divided into SUVs, sports and luxury cars, making the website more specific in terms of car selection. The prestige car section should puddle more details and attributes of the cars available mainly because of two reasons. Firstly the cars are expensive and it would be much better that a customer selects exactly what he or she wants, secondly the car specifics and attributes would invite more people to view the website. All this would eventually result in improving customer satisfaction. Another bare-ass feature that would make the website more interactive and innovative can be added by the name of car comparison. This would not only e nable the user to compare cars to help him or her in analyzing the cars more efficaciously

Mass Media and Its Influence in Shaping Ideas Essay Example for Free

Mass Media and Its ferment in Shaping Ideas EssayDramatic advances in mass communication and transportation during the past 50 years have truly created a global village a mass society. Things occurring anywhere be now quickly known everywhere. Mass media both overwhelm us with information and help us to sort it out. The development of mass media has had a great influence on our lives. We have come to account on it for information and so forth. In doing so, we allowed it to affect important aspects of our lives. Media, why is it has been a hot subject field of discussion in our nowadays society?We find that in our country, Malaysia, the mass media plays a very signifi rottert role in influencing and changing the mentation of our current society. Taking this one issue as an caseful the issue that has been a viral recently, which is Public Resurrection Rally or also known as Himpunan Kebangkitan Rakyat. apart(predicate) of being famously spread through media in internet su ch as online news and videos, for sure the main mass media including television, radio and newspaper also made a wide coverage on this issue no matter they are supporting it or not.However, for sure when they differ in their goals and interests, therefrom the behavior they report about the issues also differ. This different ways of reporting thus causes varying borrowing in society. Quoting one finding by Shanto Iyengar in his book entitle Is Anyone Responsible? while he was doing an evaluation on the effects brought by news on television concerning political issues, he effectuate that the carriage of the issue through the news on the TV has developed an understanding of the general common towards the political problems occurred.Meaning to say here, it could be the media who the one creating the issue permitted, or it could be media too who provides the resultant for it. We scum bagnot deny the enormity of the power and influence of the media in shaping the flow of thinking of our society. When there is completely one issue raised by the media, then the issue pull up stakes also be followed by the society either through their leisure or through serious discussion, through their words, as soundly as through their status shared on Facebook or Twitter.And thats why, Iyenger again mentioned together with his confederate Donald Kinder in News That Matters, when television news focuses on a problem, the publics priorities are altered, and altered again as television news moves on to something new. Sometimes, the issue raised is only one. However, different ways of putting up the stories may cause different way of viewpoint. It may be that with dealing on an issue ordain make people have a good look toward one party or side.Meanwhile, it can also be that with another way of handling an issue may causes people to have baneful sentiment at one side. Mass media, if they are honest, thus the true way of thinking can be mould among the society. Conversely, if they deviate and go off from the principle they should be, then so goes the pattern of thinking that go out exist in the community. Thinking of how great is the influence of media in determining the current mindset of society media thus should be honest and trustworthy in carrying any issue or motive into the community.Seeing the reality of nowadays media, it is not easy for them to stand as a natural presentation or unequivocal to any party. When the media were in favour of any party, then the way they play with an issue or problem will always favour to the side they support. Sometimes, mistakes and glares made by the side support no matter how big would it be are usually hidden or removed by creating offense related to the other side which have different ideology or schools of thought.Any media if it is employ for the benefit of one party, surely it will be a mouthpiece of the party. Hence, all reports, news, issues taken will surely favour them. Media should act as a tool to educate the community. Media plays an important role in developing the mindset of society, whether to form a good and clean mindset or the other way around. Media should not be exploited to manipulate people to have the wrong way of thinking. The effect will lead to duping of the society itself.

The Satan of Paradise Lost Essay Example for Free

The daemon of Paradise preoccupied EssayThe Satan of Miltons Paradise Lost is often regarded in literary criticism as a remarkably complex character. Introduced to the readers as a fallen angel with a grudge against the almighty powers that be in heaven and a burning passion for vengeance, Satan receives more characterization and motivation than any other character in Miltons epic including God Himself, who loosely operates in the background of the story.Because of the time spent familiarizing readers with Satan and his pathos and the ambiguity of Gods overall plan in comparison, Satan ultimately ends up feeling much more benignant to readers than the God he rails against. Some even claim hes the storys true hero. However, a brilliant literary tactic lies in Satans characterization, and thats how quickly it is to mistake Satans comparatively human nature to God as a grade of moral superiority.An analysis of Satans core ideology throughout Paradise Lost makes it get in t hat, while Satan may be more of a human character than God, hes not the tragic antihero he paints himself as by any stretch of the imagination. Its easy to just dismiss the depiction of Satan as the tragic protagonist of Paradise Lost with the idea that he being Satan is simply lying about every part of his motives, ideology, and administration of beliefs. However, such a reading too quickly overlooks the nuances to the character revealed throughout the text. One does not involve any

Causes of American Divorce Essay Example for Free

Causes of American Divorce EssayFor the last decade, the retort of American divorce has increased dramatically. A significant change in economical, psychological and emotional foreland set could be the explanation of why so many American are ending their human relationship in divorce. Issues such as, not having enough financial stability, lack of communication and lack of commitment, in other words infidelity, could provide an explanation to society of why divorce has increased throughout the years.The first motion of divorce whitethorn be be father of not having enough financial stability from integrity of the first mates or both. The quote, currency is the source of all evil, may be true, especially when it performs to American marriages. Although, instead, the quote should say Money is the root to all reasons marriages fail. Money may not be the only reason it fails but could be one of the reasons. An example of this could be, if a spouse is paying for necessity bas ed things, such as, bills and food and the other spends in like manner much on things that are useless, this could become a problem, especially when children are involved. Most married couples fly the coop to forget that when they say their marriage vows, there is an important line that pertains to money and that is, Til debt do us part. Relationships sometimes begin and the spouse may not know the financial difficulties one may be having. This could pay off a problem when the couples try to buy a house or a car. Frustration could come upon them and eventually end the marriage due to the arguments. However, financial problems might not be the only stool of divorce.The second cause of American marriages ending in divorce could be, lack of communication. Most couples tend to amaze fairly busy with work or college and dont get a large measuring of time to talk about issues one may be facing with the other, for fear that an argument may happen. However, not talking about the issue s could become a problem. For example, the spouse may do something the other doesnt like and if it keeps happening, the petty problem could cause an outrage to spark and since they were unable to solve the problem originally because of lack of communication it could lead to the marriage possibly failing. The quote, Love is communication, so the bottom line is a lack of communication is a lack of love, could be true for most marriages because not talking could cause separation between the spouses.The third cause of American divorce could be lack of commitment or infidelity. Infidelity is the act of unfaithfulness to a somebody. This could be the number one cause of marriage failure. For example, a spouse may not be into the sexual arousal game as the other spouse is. This could then lead to the spouse engaging in sexual activity with psyche other than the person they married to. Sexual desire is not the only form of infidelity. Lust may be canvas as adultery as well. A spouse may begin to have fantasies of being with someone else or an intense desire of love toward a person.To conclude, the three possible reasons American marriages fail could be because of financial issues, lack of communication and lack of commitment or infidelity. The numbers are becoming dramatically alarming. To stop this problem from happening marriages should build their relationship on a strong foundation and take care of rushing into things before talking about. Communication should be an important matter in any relationship.

Administrative Theories of Management Essay Example for Free

Administrative Theories of Management turn outHenri Fayol a French industrialist has wrote a book title Administration Industrialle et Generalle in 1916 , according to his book theories about prudence he thought could be applied to the management of any organization with administrative responsibilities. Fayol identified 5 function which is still used today to all management activities , they were planning , organizing , commanding , coordinating and commanding . Fayol gives 14 principle of management 1.Division of roleplay According to Fayol , specialization increases output by making employees more efficient. Most of the employee may be able to deal with each item work that given to them if work is divided according to their skill and technical expertise . See more My Writing Process Essay2.Authority Fayol defined self-assurance as the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. That means , managers essential be able to give order to the employees . Along wit h it , the responsibility will goes on.3.Discipline Discipline is an essential for the smooth cartroad of business which is without it an enterprise or organization is unable to prosper. An employees must obey and respect the rules that are acres by the organization .4.Unity of Command An employee should receive orders from one superior only . Fayol regarded having dual command is tip to uncertainty and hesitation on the part of subordinates and will make conflict between managers.5.Unity of direction ace head and one plan for a group having the same objective. that mean the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers .6.Subordination of individual interest to the general interest There should be no conflict of interest between individual ambition and the well-being of the organization as a whole. This principle requires a firm but fair hand from superiors who should set a good example.7.Remuneration Workers must be paid a fair wage for their s ervices . Fayol looked for some basic principles in the manner of payment such is it shall assure fair remuneration , encourage keenness by rewarding well-directed causa and not lead to over-payment going beyond reasonable limits.8.Centralization Fayol considered that an element of centralization must always be present which is each subordinate are involved in decision making.9.Scalar Chain It is also cognize as line of authority . The unity of command can lead to excessively chains of authority which hinder communication. Hierarchic organizations regularly insisted that departments communicated with each other only through their heads.10.Order For Fayol, people and materials should be in the right place at the right time . This presupposed the resolution of the two most difficult managerial activities good organization and good selection. He saw the basic problem as the balancing of an organizations requirements with its resources.11.Equity Managers should be kind and fair to th eir subordinate and treated them equally in order to obtain commitment from them .12.Stability of elevate of personnel A management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are ready(prenominal) to fill vacancies because employees need a period of stability in a job to deliver of their best.13.Initiative Fayol cautions managers against the face-to-face vanity which prevents their employees from allowing to think through a problem and implement a solution rewarding get which increases motivation and high levels of effort. This meant , employees are allowed to originate and carry out their plans for the organization.14.Esprit de corps. Dividing enemy forces to weaken them is clever, but dividing ones have got team is a grave sin against the business. It is saying about promoting team spirit will instal harmony and unity within the organization.

Treatment of Tb Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Tb EssayTuberculosis, they say, is a disease of the poor and truly it is a disease that puts us high above other nations in the world. We are currently among the twenty-second high TB burdened countries and are under the WHO TB watch list. Tuberculosis is such a problem for us. Imagine, 75 of our fellowmen die each day because of TB. Tuberculosis, however, is not a terminal disease. Before, people prospect once you curb TB youll just die not cured with the disease. But now, it is actually very curable. Our government, in addressing to this dreaded disease, formulated the National Tuberculosis Program or NTP.This weapons platform envisions our nation as a country where TB is no longer a public health problem. The goal thence is to reduce the prevalence and mortality from TB by half by the year 2015. Now, this is where DOTS comes in. At first, I thought DOTS is just about making sure that the patient of is really taking in his TB regimens like literally swallo wing the medicines on schedule. It, however, is not just as simple as that. DOTS or point Observed Treatment, Short-Course is the WHO-recommended strategy for diagnosis, discourse and management of TB.Since TB is curable, the WHO believes that the best way to cure TB is through with(predicate) DOTS. It is a health strategy made up of five distinguished components Political Commitment for TB Control Facilities for Microscopic Diagnosis of Sputum Positive Smear Patient Unlimited Supply of intelligent Quality Anti-TB Drugs Direct Observation of Therapy and, Good Record Keeping. through with(predicate) these components, it is made sure that the program is managed powerful and that the impassiveness microscopy is of good quality. The program is embraced by the government and made sure it is implemented.Health professionals are taught and instruct well on the importance of the program, precautionary measures, how to deal with the TB patient, and, most importantly, on the proper realization and reporting of sputum microscopy results. There is therefore uniformity in the reporting of laboratory results. The government has likewise allotted a specific monetary budget for the services of the health professionals under this program. There is besides the regular supply of drugs, not only just drugs but medications that are of good quality and recommended by the WHO.More importantly, these drugs are FREE All the patient has to do is to comply with the treatment. But, there are yet patients who are, well, human remarkably wise, talented entrepreneur (because some sell their TB medicines to others who also present with TB symptoms as they have). They have a mind of their own they have their own treatment strategy. These make TB treatment catchy and pose threat on the development of resistant organisms because the medications are not taken on proper dosage and duration.It is because of this that there is this 4th element of the DOTS strategy the direct obser vation of the treatment partner (treatment partners could either be a Staff of the Health Center, atom of the Community , or Member of the patients family (last priority)) of the patient taking in the TB medications. With good record keeping, the patients are properly monitored and followed up wherever they may be in the country. With just one missed appearance on treatment appointments, the in-charge health partner is alerted.Theres no reason at all for non compliance. What is more than wonderful with DOTS in our country is that we have this PPMD or the Private Public Mixed DOTS. This is very important because even the private health institutions apply DOTS so that wherever may the patient consult he or she is directed to the same treatment strategy for TB which ensures patient receives proper treatment and program benefits. Upon enrollment with the DOTS program, there is an allotted box of medications both for the intensive phase and the maintenance phase the kick TB Kit.With those new pulmonary confuse positive cases and new seriously ill pulmonary smear negative cases, the intensive treatment is made up of four regimens Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol. The number of capsules taken go out view on the weight of the patient (since usually the four drugs mentioned are formulated on a virtuoso capsule). Like for example, a patient weighing between 38-54 kg will be taking 3 tablets each appointment time with the treatment partner. The intensive treatment lasts for 2 months then a sputum smear will be requested.If patient is still sputum AFB smear positive there will be a month extension for the intensive phase. Afterwhich is the 4 months of maintenance phase. The regimen usually is imperturbable of Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The kind and number of treatment regimens for tuberculosis is such because the TB bacilli, although TB is curable, is very difficult to eradicate and are prone to resistance. This is also why compliance is very im portant to hold kick upstairs development of resistant organisms. Whenever there are MDR TB patients (Multi Drug Resistant TB), they are referred to a high center in Manila.There, patients are housed for 24 months, still free treatment. I think each MDR patient is budgeted with 500 1 million pesos such a huge amount. It is important therefore for us to prevent the development of such resistant organisms if we want our taxes serve the majority and give us better lives. Through the exposures regarding the DOTS, I now have a great appreciation for this program of the government. Whenever I will have an encounter with a possible TB patient, I could confidently refer him to a DOTS facility. I am hoping that we will truly be able to achieve our vision with regards to tuberculosis control as a nation.

Rabbit Proof Fence - Help to Study Essay Example for Free

track down Proof Fence Help to Study EssayWhile watching the movie, take notes and speculate just about the following questions 1. What is the history and context of the film? When is it set? In what genre is it? Is it based on a true story, a book? Is it fictional? True story.2. How did the cameraman use specific angles, lighting and euphony in the film to advert different moods? What did you notice about the camera angels as the girls became more threatened, for pattern? What happened to the music when the girls were trying to escape? The music is trying to sound like native music nevertheless with a modern feature. 3. What is the fence designed for? How does the fence function as a symbol? why is the film titled rabbit-proof fence?4. Very early on in the film, we see the eagle, Mollys totem, her spirit bird. Her mother tells her the eagle will look after her. When does the bird appear again in the film and why?5. Discuss Mr. Nevilles theory of eugenics. What were his p olicies and official duties? Is he a villain or is he a misguided idealist? Why are half-caste children seen as a problem? count on about Nevilles attitude toward the girls? Does it change over the course of the film? Give examples of words and actions that indicate this change.6. The three children are not experienced actors. Do you find them convincing? Give your reasons.7. What do you think are some of the films key themes and issues? Are these issues/themes effectively communicated through the film?8. Finally, did you jollify the movie? Either way, find examples and use descriptions to state your opinion.

Compare and contrast how the two short story writers use the theme of revenge Essay Example for Free

Compare and line of business how the devil short story writers use the theme of revenge EssayThe two writers Isabel Allende and Guy de Maupassant two use the theme of revenge in many ways in their short stories The take teachers knob and Vendetta.Vendettas key theme appears to be revenge because of the title, the word Vendetta meaning A bitter, destructive feud. Where as The school teachers guest seems, from its title, to be a pleasant story about a school teachers guest. The coal scuttle paragraphs of the stories are also unalike. The school teachers guest introduces the come to straight away by the schoolteacher Ines ledger entry the pearl of the Orient and announcing to the theatrical role Turk that she had just cut off the head of one of her guests, Allende then goes indorse to explain why this happened. This is different in Vendetta as the murder does not happen until the truly end and it isnt until the middle of the story that we learn who the vendetta is for.T he revenge in Vendetta is also variety up in a different way by setting a depressing slam and working gradually into the sons murder and the widows grieving. It also builds up the widow training the dog Smillante to kill. This is different in the school teachers guest, as the murder is announced at the beginning, there is no build up and the killing of the man is more than of an act of fate. The reason for the act of revenge is also described more carefully in the school teachers guest. The accidental murder of Iness son is told in lines 24-35 in great position using phrases such as drilling a black hole in the middle of his supercilium through which his life rapidly escaped. In Vendetta, Maupassant simply states one evening, Antoine Saverini was treacherously stabbed in a run-in by Nicolas Ravolati, who escaped that same night to Sardinia. This is a much shorted but not as thorough way to describe the main reason for the climax of the story.One thing similar between the two stories is the scene in the aftermath of the sons murder being described in great detail, although in the school teachers guest the act of revenge is almost committed by the towns people rather than swore by the victims mother. The aftermath in the school teachers guest is also more of a community parade, throwing mangoes and marching rather than weeping by the dead boys bedside as the widow does in Vendetta. We are also told more about the murder despite not knowing his name. We know that he is a truck driver and an outsider of agua Santa. In Vendetta we know nothing of Nicolas Ravolati but his name which does not give him much character to hold a vendetta against.Both Maupassant and Allende use revenge in different ways in their short stories but Allende describes the characters and the reasons for revenge more thoroughly even if she doesnt set the scene as well. In this way I found the school teachers guest used revenge in better and more high-quality ways.

The Competitor Exiting competitors Essay Example for Free

The Competitor Exiting competitors EssayCompetitors are those that tour an alternative, these competitors gained grocery store share, we can not cover and control them based on exiting product. These alternative products are invariably diversity much(prenominal) as nappy.Potential Competitors-These competitors are always threatening, they can find out radical product more preeminent than exiting product, it is a question for many company they cant infer what product is find out tomorrow. -If we can analysis exiting competitors strategy, we dont dwell how can cover potential competitor. -So we are always improving to adapt market. We make a surveys to chicane what need and demand are, from that we are always improving our products for customers.Strengths-Cut down star-up capital of company based on outsourcings model. Using tools for manufacture product based on assistant so that reduce comprise of built factory, machines, training, employers liability insurance. -Limit risk of manufactory as all of abilities are guaranteed by wrinkle of partners so the risks were compensated by partners. -The product is more preeminent than others. We concenter+The qualities ensure high tangible from Viet Nam with high quality, do not use material from qina or have no origin. +The impairment balance price, targeton middle stream.+Market segment is large.Weaknesses-The quantities are limited by clause of contract of partner. It is hard to control our product as well as the flexible in manufacture. -Cant control human resource from outsourcings model. The companys image is easy impacted.Opportunities-Viet Nam is a racy market. The need of child clothes is more and more increased. -The market in neighboring country such as Lao, Cambodia.-Compare with competitors, with low price, poor quality and high quality, so high price. With outsourcings model, we balance between price and quality to target middle segment. -The market is more and more developing with immig rant for industrial super as promise land such as Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh Duong. Threats-The risk from partner they cant cover contract (product error, name contracts, standard of product) -Strategic competition from competitor when they realize our strategic. to a greater extent and more competitor join fertile market. les gros poissons mangent les petits3.3 Partners to sellShort term+Location marketWe focus location market such asA. Ba Chieu market An Dong market, Cho Lon market Thu Duc ( Ho Chi Minh city) B. Tan Hiep market Tan Mai market Long Binh Tan market Bien Hoa market. These are region pore industrial region so it is potential market( Dong Nai City) C. Di An market Vsip market Binh Duong market Ben Cat market Song Than market+Shopkeeper( delivery all shop)+Supermarket ( Big C, Co-op mark Citi mark Vinatex )Long term+Cambodia market (target Xamats border Hoa Lu border)+Laos market( La Baos border)+Chinas market(Mong Cais border)DifferenceManufacturing base on outsou rcing model-non factory, cut down worker (Cut down star-up capital of company) residue between price and quality ( good quality still keep goo price)

Approaches to Psychology Essay Example for Free

Approaches to Psychology EssayThe social gentlemans gentleman is complex. To try to explain it world mental actions through single simple theory is a severe task. Different psychologists and mental schools meet come up with different get downes that attempt to understand human behavior, perception and motivation. These approaches include the bio-psychological, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic cognitive and socio- cultural schools of thought and action. While these approaches may not be entirely compatible, they do form a basket of tools with which the student of psychology can use to try to understand the psychological make-up of the honest deal he or she encounters. Through the notion of eclecticism, it is possible to take elements from these approaches to come up with an understanding of a given situation. These schools all have their own important voice that reveals important characteristics in varying psychological situations. Biophysical approach talk intima tely how this approach helps us to understand how the body reacts to psychological events, with step up an understanding of the brain, nervous, muscle and hormonal systems, you cant really understand volume as vary of their environment.Humans are animal systems and the bio-psychological approaches help us understand the human animal, notwithstanding it fails at more human characteristics such as cognition and paradox solving and psychological trauma of childhood behavioural approach tell round Skinner tell how this approach helps us to understand basic human psychology, especially in modern times when the stress is on scientific observation.Behavioral approach helps us understand what can be observed, it helps us to control others by understanding how to get people to do things through rewards, it does not tell us, though just about what goes on inside the person and how some people may not react to rewards, or how cultural issues may be more important to people Psychoanaly tic approach tell about Freud and psychoanalysis, this is based on introspection, so it is not very(prenominal) scientific, plainly it does help people think about their past and the unconscious motivations of their behavior in the present.It similarly is good because it relies on talking, instead of giving people medication, so it can provide solutions for people. It also is a secondary simple with the stress on violence and sex. Humanistic approach talk about Carl Rogers, tell about how it is a positive psychological approach because it focuses on improving people, however, it is weak because some people are so traumatized by an imperfect world and family that they need the help of other approaches to first figure out what the difficulty is.Cognitive approach tell about how it is good because it focuses on people using strategies to calculate hassles, it helps people feel more independent and strong, however, it is weak because it is very narrow and focuses on a very small part of a persons psychological make-up. Sociocultural approach tell about how cultural can affect psychology and it is important to understand that different groups are affected by their culture, tell about how IQ testing might be biased and how the sociocultural approach makes us sensitive to this.However, it is bad because it does not help us actually solve problems, only focuses on make us more sensitive. Sensory activities In learning process students faces various challenges. Teachers should try to understand sources of students problem and also employ various approaches in helping them. Eg carrying out the following sensory activities may scram this point home. American flag afterimage One may report American flag to have different colors in according to number of times one has seen it and also depending on which occasion one saw this flag.Color reported may not be the correct due to bewilderment arising from the number of times the flag was seen and occasions in which th e flag was seen. This may make it difficult for one to have the real picture about the flag. Mirror writing Mirror writing can also bring confusion to the learner. Such occurrence may occur as a result of problems in the development of the brain or confusion arising from the nervous system. A psychologist should understand such a problem by using the biophysical approach. For exemplar understanding why a person writes his name as reteP instead of writing it correctly as Peter.Food paragraph When one is asked to write a paragraph about food, his or her culture volition greatly determine what message he/she writes. It may entail condemning certain food or praising certain food in which one has been brought up with or which are highly regarded in his/her society. This should help the psychologist to understand how to help the person who is having a problem. Conclusion all(a) these approaches to psychology are interdependent. The need to combine them in dealing with every day challen ges is very important.For instance a case of a student that cannot succeed on a write exam but can excel when tested verbally, the teacher need to employ behavioral approach and know such a student has difficulty in written exams. Then a humanistic approach will be relevant so as to understand why the student has problem with a written exam and have a positive attitude to help the student out of such problem. The biophysical approach will call upon the teacher to know the working of such student brains. Does the student have a problem in interpreting instructions in a written exam?Therefore, an all comprehensive approach is the best way in solving daily life problems. (William, Glassman, Hadad 2008) An example of an all comprehensive approach was employed by Maslov in describing the needs of human beings. He encompassed biological and psychological needs, then(prenominal) safety needs, esteem needs and then self actualization needs. Such approach encompasses biological, human, social cultural and human views. Thus, none of psychological approach can stand on it alone to solve problem facing human beings. Work cited William, G. , Glassman, W Hadad, M Approaches to Psychology. 2008.

Ethics and Philosophy of Social Research Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Philosophy of companionable question EssayThe hearty seek shargons with tout ensemble scientific endeavours the necessity to balance scientific panache with other good values that derive from the well-disposed context in which all neighborly inquiry takes place. To or so dot, the enquiry fancyl of objectivity unavoidably conflicts with humanistic values. Therefore, all researchers must at some time come to grips with this conflict. The issue, however, is especially crucial for social researchers because the focus of their research is the behaviour of other people. Thus, non only the goals of the social research but the very process of data collection is lawsuit to honourable conflicts. The paper contains analysisthe synthesis of research results across a large number of studiesand on the social responsibility and respectable requirements of the social research. The ethical issues which researchers face in their day-to-day study are relatively consist ent across methods. The ethical principles adopted by researchers should g all everyplacen their actions, whether they take place in written report or research lab environment.To make this point most strongly, this paper contains a separate section, which should serve as a strong point of reference for the social researcher, rather than providing a series of ethical requirements that are spread thinly throughout the various sections of this paper. These issues include the social and ethical responsibilities and constraints connected with the conduct of social research and advancing the cumulative progress of behavioral and social science through integrating and synthesizing findings from diametric current investigations. The paper hopes to make clear that social research is a collective enterprise undertaken in the context of ethical values.Main bodyEthics in Social ResearchEthics of Research Design and MethodologyBecause the subject matter of the social researcher is human beha viour and the processes that are associated with behaviour, it is inescapable that researcher interests will conflict sometimes with ethical values placed on the rights of people to privateness and self-determination. The guidelines for social research ethics set by the Social Research Association (SRA) (2003) filtrate the idea of recruiting participants for research on the basis of informed consent this means that participation must be freewill and with the participants full knowledge of what research will include. However, it is declared that m any subjects could not be researched at all if this ideal were entirely met, and that the rights of mortals must be weighed against the possible importance of the research problem. David De Vaus (1996), for example, demonstrated in a verbal conditioning experiment that a full business relationship of methods and hypotheses destroyed the phenomenon they were attempting to examine.In cases where full explanation of subject cannot be presen ted, SRA recommends that But on that point should, at least, be clarity about opt-in and opt-out arrangements, about the distance and degree of commitment involve of respondents, and about the precise goals of the research. Adequate subject de-briefing also seems essential to this finally aim. Thus, the ethical code does not present free from limitations standards that relieve the researcher of important value judgments. Rather, judgments as to the comparative significance of research programmes and researchers responsibility for the well-being of their participants are the principal(a) bases of research ethics.Deception in the LaboratoryThe degree to which participation is entirely voluntary is in many cases dis localizeable, depending on the social and institutional pressures to take part in research that are at times involved. But usually, participants in science lab experiments at least know that they participate in a research study. Notwithstanding, however, the informati on provided to participants in laboratory investigations is usually smallest, at best, and much purposely deceptive as to the goals of the research study.To what degree this double-dealing is reassert by serving scientific purposes and the potential wellbeing to human welfare is a matter of commodious debate. Some critics claim that no thaumaturgy is ever reasonable and that it should not be permitted in the interests of social research (Ortmann Hertwig 746-747). Most social researchers, however, take a more temperate view, considering that there is an unavoidable agree between values of entire honesty and informed consent and the possible value of what can be learned from the research itself. Just as the unimportant lie uttered in the interests of tact or politeness is regarded as acceptable when used in the service of good manners, so a belittled amount of deception may be acceptable in the service of obtaining reliable research data. However, there is also some controvers y over whether social researchers have exceeded this adequate minimum in their research (Barnes 320).For some years the pull of deception in laboratory experiments was considered acceptable by most experimenters. However, an denomination by Herbert Kelman (1967) reflected a growing concern with accepted among many people, and evidently undisputed, use of deception in social research. Kelmans article argued this practice on both ethical and practical grounds. Ethically, he claimed, any deception disregarded essential norms of respect in the interpersonal relationship that forms between researcher and research participant.Besides, the practice might have extreme methodological implications as participants become less naive and extreme suspiciousness begins to have an effect upon the outcomes of all research. To avoid these problems, Kelman advised that social researchers (a) reduce the unnecessary use of deception, (b) research ways of counteracting or minimizing its negative conse quences when deemed necessary, and (c) develop new methods, such as role playing or simulation techniques, which substitute active participation for deception (Kelman 10-11).Practices of experimenting with these alternative methodologies have been tried, but the results are consisting of hostile thoughts, at best (Crespi 23). Thus, the general agreement in the social research is that some level of deception is very much necessary to produce realistic conditions for testing research hypotheses. However, such deception needs to be justified by the nature and significance of the research question being studied. As James D. Faubion (2005) put it, The social researcher whose study may have a good chance of reducing force-out or racism or sexism, but who declines to do the study simply because it requires deception, has not solved an ethical problem but only traded one for another (860).Ethical Issues in Field ResearchAlthough much(prenominal) of the discussion about the ethical impli cations of deception concentrates on laboratory experimentation, study conducted outside the laboratory often considers a number of other ethical issues and concerns. Besides issues associated with consent to participate, researchers also must think over issues of privacy and confidentiality when research data are collected in field surroundings (Boruch 102).Because a important benefit of field research, from a scientific point of view, is the chance of obtaining samples of behaviour under naturally occurring circumstances, it often is beneficial to conduct such research under conditions in which the nature of the research is out of sight. Therefore, the participants may not only be mislead regarding the goals of the research, but may even be uninformed that they are the subject of research in the first place. The use of frugal measures highlights this strategy (Ortlieb 2002), but even more traditionalistic methods of data collection, such as the interview or questionnaire, are o ften conducted in such a manner as to conceal their true goal.Some researchers consider the practice of concealed observation or response elicitation as passable as long as it is limited to in original way human beings behaviors or settings usually open to public examination. Adam Ashforth (1996), for example, presented a review of settings and behaviours for which concealed research methods have been used. However, there is the question of subjective definitions of what form public behaviours, specifically in urban settings where social norms lead to the probability of anonymity in public surroundings.Because by definition field research includes some act of intervening on the part of the researcher in the stimulus conditions to which the uninformed participants are exposed, ethical question about hidden observation is further difficult to understand because of concern over the nature of such manipulations. Instances of practice of experimenting in field settings comprise systema tic variation of the content of applicator briefs sent to potential employers (Ashforth 1996), differential behaviour on the part of salesmen regarding customers (Fairclough 2003) or customers toward salesmen (Fairclough 2003).To some degree these all fall within a normal range of human behaviour in public surroundings, the only difference being their methodical manipulation by the researcher. Yet, collecting data about individual behaviour in these cases evidently violates the spirit of informed consent, in particular when researchers conclude it is best not to inform individuals which have been observed even after the fact (Seiber 268).The Regulatory Context of Research Involving man ParticipantsThe preceding discussion of ethical dilemmas is contemplated to present the idea that there are no easy, certain rules for deciding whether a specific research strategy or method is ethical or not. Rather, difficult tolerable to construct opinion is involved in weighing the possible va lue of the research against potential stress or other costs to research participants. Ethical decision making includes a costbenefit analysis rather than the consideration of certain strictures and rules (Alvaro Crano 13).Much of the responsibility for decision making falls on the individual researcher, but one person alone is not always the best judge of what is of sizable importance and necessary research and what is possibly harmful to participants. Actually, there is good evidence that biases enter into scientists evaluations of the fictitious character of their own research (Kimmel 1991). Therefore, the conduct of social research that meets reasonable ethical standards and methods is not just a matter of persons judgment, it is the law.Almost all social research that is supported by funds or conducted in educational or research institutions that receive funding (of any kind) is subject to regulations concerning the conduct of social research. The primary agency is The Econom ic and Social Research Council (ESRC) which is the UKs leading research funding and training agency addressing scotch and social concerns. ESRC provides certain principles for protecting the welfare and dignity of human participants in research and provides policies and procedures that are required of institutions in which such research is conducted.The ESRC expects that the research it supports will be conducted according to a high ethical standard. This Research Ethics Framework ( reviewer) sets out good ethical practice in UK social research.Although REF is a mandatory aspect of social research which involves human participants, it does not absolve the researcher from any further responsibility for the ethical conduct of his or her research.

Recruitment and Selection in Effective Human Resources

Recruitment and Selection in Effective Human imagerysThe human visions argon the most unequivocalal assets of an brass section. The success or failure of an system of rules is largely dependent on the caliber of the populate casts therein. With go forth positive and creative theatrical places from people, institutions bunghole non progress and prosper. In regulate to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization,therefore, they expect to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications and experience. opus doing so, they have to keep the present as rise as the future requirements of theorganization in mind.Recruitment and pickaxe, as a demote of effective Human choice Management is the happen upon out to achieving a competitive advantage for an organization. Nowadays, one of the most pregnant concerns for all the business is that of people. The emphasis is on having the estimable people in the right place at the right time (Lanz, 1988). Seeking la te employees is an essential element for each employer, not only in organisations where particular emphasis is placed on the communitys human resources policy. Each employer wants to hire the most appropriate candidate for the trick who not only has the right qualifications yet whose soulality leave alone blend in advantageously with the companions organise. The choice of the right people to build a team in organization is one of the most grave factors leading to its success. Hence, to achieve this, a company has to pay a huge attention on the enlisting and pickaxe crop. Effective enlisting and plectron procedures be vital in attracting and retaining high quality stave so e actually company should take them deeply into consideration. Moreover, human errors are much much expensive in comparison to such(prenominal) assets as land and capital, and often result in serious irreversible consequences.Here I motivation to add what are the goals of this dissertation I thin k.and what Ive included in a first chapter, entropyRECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONDefinitions of enlisting and optionConducting business activities and competition between companies in developing worldwide securities industrys show, that Human Resource Management is the source of permanent competitiveness in contemporary business. This domain is not a single, simplified function, but a group of plans, systems, tools, processes and services. Each of these elements lets huge possibilities for profit, provided that one can practise effective solutions in exploiting them. As the field of Human Resource Management has strongly changed in recent years, organizations were obligated to become more dynamics and complex. John Storey (2001, p.6) says that It is human capability and commitment, which in the witness analysis distinguish successful organization from the rest. This sentence is essential to under survive the fundamental tensions and ambiguities associated with Human Resource Mana gement. People are non-material assets of a company and due to their importance have a strategic function. For that reason, enlisting and infusion process should be permanent implicated and developed in company structures. tally to Pilbeam Corbridge (2006) recruitment and plectron process is based on action between applicant and line of business, which is dependent on stating a need by an organization, using the most appropriate recruitment and cream techniques and on re plentying, evaluating and modifying the recruitment and excerpt system in the light of experience.Bratton Gold (2003) defined recruitment like a process of generating a pool of capable people to apply for employment to an organization. Furthermore recruitment is a process of attracting singulars on a timely basis, in sufficient numbers and with appropriate qualifications, developing their interest in an organization and encouraging them to apply for jobs within it (Mondy Noe, 1993 Crawford, 2004). During t his process, efforts are made to inform the applicants fully some the pickaxe criteria of the needed competencies that will lead to effective carrying into action, as well as career opportunities the organization can provide the employee. Whether or not a particular job vacuum cleaner will be filled by soulfulness from within, or outside, the organization depends on the organizations human resource policies, the requirements of the job to be filled, the talent to be found and, often, the organizational politics surrounding the decision (Nankervis et al., 2002). Beardwell (1994, p.192) also indicates that the process of recruitment has two chief(prenominal) purposes. Firstly, recruitment should focus on both(prenominal) attraction and retention of the interest of applicants suitable for a disposed job. Secondly, it should create a positive image of the organization in the eyes of people who come in contact with it. Newell and Shackleton (2000, p.113) define recruitment as th e process of attracting people who might set up a contribution to the particular organization. The importance of the recruitment function is clear when one realizes that by hiring the most competent applicants the firms performance can be significantly enhanced. In the course of this stage, it is the employer who must encourage the best candidates to apply for a position in the company.Selection is the process of selecting candidates who have relevant qualifications to fill jobs in a company (Mathis, R., 1991, p. 209). For the employer it is a stage during which decisions are made on who is the most appropriate of all the job applicants. The key point of selection is how to make fair and relevant legal opinion, which indicates strengths and weaknesses of applicant (Boxall P., Purcell J., 2003, p.141). Conversely, the quotation by Townley (1999, p.97) defines the notion of selection in that () by definition, it involves a process of discrimination, and the opportunity for managers to emphasize employee acceptability or the good curse word syndrome, rather than suitability residing in line-based criteria. It is a much diversified process it whitethorn be rook and simply boil down to brushuping and closely reading job employment documents, and hiring a person. Or it whitethorn be a longer process also including a job interview and other techniques aimed at finding the best people.Pilbeam Cordbridge (2006) assert that good recruitment and selection is heavy element of the HR system, its soothsaying requirements and a key to getting the appropriate people to attain a business goals. Moreover, recruitment and selection is a necessary element of people resourcing strategy, due to communicated policies, procedures and designs can considerably play a part in effective organizational performance, () to good employee relations and to a positive public image (Pilbeam Corbridge, 2002). some(prenominal) the activities are directed towards obtaining suitably qualified employees. Recruitment activities lay the ground formulate for the selection process by providing the pool of applicants from whom the selectors may choose. Although, the two activities are closely connected, each requires a separate come out of skills and expertise, and may in practice be fulfilled by diverse staff members. Recruitment and selection are the most important activities in an ongoing circle (shown in Fig.1.1) of an organisation as a whole. inning 1. Recruitment and selection in an organization (Pilbeam Corbridge 2006, p.143)Inappropriate selection and recruitment decisions can have a range of undesirable consequences for the organization and the recruit, including reduced organizational effectiveness, invalidate reward and cultivation strategies, unfair for the person applying for job and higher rates of turnover. Recruitment and selection are one of the most fundamental elements of the strategy of human resources managing. A wise choice of employees pla ys a key role in the functioning of an organization. textile Recruitment SelectionRecruitment and selection are works of the alike(p) system and they are so closely connected, although as Foot Hook (cited in Rayner Smith, 2005 p.121) suggest that each requires a separate range of skills and expertise, and each function may in practice be fulfilled by different staff members, or indeed the recruitment function, but not normally the selection decision, may be outsourced to an agency, so it makes sense to treat each function separately, but Pilbeam Corbridge (2006) note that they are not mutually scoop functions. Hence is many approaches to recruitment and selection tend, however they distinguish that a system has inputs, which are the candidates, a processing unit, which consists of various methods and techniques and outputs, which are also effective employees or candidates, who go back to the labour market and are or eliminate by the recruiters or choose to exit from the proces s. As Figure 1.2 shows, the recruitment and selection process and techniques are influenced by the external factors like legal role model, economic situation, social and demographic changes, competitor activity, labour market characteristics and has some sub-systems to it which are interdependent to each other, changes in one will effects the others and also the quality of output. According to Pilbeam Corbridge (2006) theory the systems approach gives an analytical skeleton and allow dissemination through the selection and recruitment sub systems, which are attraction, reduction, selection and transition. Whereas Kochan Barocci model (cited in Beardwell, Holden Claydon, 2004) point out that organizations have life cycles, and that recruitment, selection and staffing policies vary according to an organizations perceived stage in the cycle. While Goold and Campbell close that human resource strategies depend on management profile, whether is it strategic planning, financial contr ol or strategic control (ibid.). Furthermore Anderson and Shackleton (1998, p.15) notice that recruitment and selection as a system is () comprised of a serial of inter-related components. Important observation about the maxim of chronological dependency, says that it can only be as faultless as decision made in early stage to pre-screen down number of applicants. They emphasize that perspicacity techniques should annunciate and also affect on the future performance of employee. It is important here, to say that Human Resource Planning (HRP) is confederacy between strategic business planning and strategic Human Resource Management. This connection is the most visible in the recruitment and selection of specific numbers of employees with particular abilities, which match to companys requirements. This view made by Paul Iles (2001, p.139) shows why employees, as the most valuable assets in company, should be ordinate to strategic business plan. Nowadays is a lot of variations in recruitment and selection practices, reflecting an organizations strategy and school of thought towards the management of people. That is why many organizations developed frameworks, which allowed them revere a intermixture of selection and recruitment techniques in order to identify and confess the right people (Bratton, J. Gold, J., 2003, p. 223).Figure 2. The System Approach to recruitment and selection(Pilbeam Corbridge, 2002), p. 115.Process of recruitment and selectionRecruiting is an extremely complicated process consisting of many phases.Before recruiting, the company unavoidably to proceed with planning phase.Each organization thus must consider a number of important steps in the planning phase. Firstly it should forecast human resource necessitate, than specifies job requirements as well as identifies and uses appropriate recruitment channels (Beaumont, P., 1994, p. 57).When planning to recruit one should also include discussions with clients to point future hirin g needs maintenance of a contacts network (candidates, employees, competitors) development and maintenance of a strong employee referral political platform investment in recruiter training and development cooperation with management to ensure adequate budget (American Management acquaintance International, Aug 2006, p.10). The command to start the recruitment process comes from senior managers and should be based on a review of the situation to determine that recruitment actually exists. It bureau, that it should be made recognition of the needs for sore human resource. To minimize the risk of wasted money, job analysis should be well done. For the first, job description should be written precise carefully. A job description makes it possible for the recruiter to outline what duties, responsibilities and the reason behind the vacancy i.e. expansion, member of staff retires, and the position within the structure of the organization (Beardwell, I., 1994, p. 195). The first step i n the development of a job description is to establish the purpose and general objectives of the post, and then to analyse the requirements of the job. This process is called job analysis, and is particularly important in circumstances where you are preparing a job description for a new or significantly changed post. Job analysis helps to clarify the duties, responsibilities and other job demands. It also helps to identify the skills, abilities and experiences that someone would need to possess to be able to perform satisfactorily in the role (UCD Staff Manual, lordly 2005, p. II). The process of writing a job description can be very time consuming, especially if company dont provide any system for job analysis. This involves other co-worker from department in context to collect essential information about business nature and actual duties. To accurately recruit candidates, the mho part of job analysis personnel specification is unavoidable (Beardwell J., 1994, p.195). Person s pecification is amongst one of the important factor of recruitment and selection that comes after the job analysis and job description as it relates to the person doing the job. Job analysis is the first stage of the whole recruitment and selection process and everything else is built upon it. It aims at finding out what is involved in the job that is now vacant. The effects of a mistake at this point are likely ricochet throughout all subsequent stages whereas job description involves the task and the scope of the job. The person specification profile is the people characteristics required to do the job effectively. The fact that an employer draws up a person specification demonstrates an attempt to introduce some objectivity into what can otherwise be very subjective process. Rather than relying on personal judgements about the knowledge, skills and qualities the successful candidate should possess, the employer with a person specification is following much more methodical and rea soned process. The person specification can be included with the information sent to the candidates to give them more detail about the requirements. It is a good practice to design and send to candidates a form showing each requirement and how it will get assessed (Foot Hook, 2005). dickens well-established systems of person specification frameworks discussed by Beardwell and Claydon (2004, p. 205) are (Roger, 1952) seven-point plan and (Munro Fraser, 1954) similar five point plan, illustrated in Table.1.1 and 1.2. It is important to be as precise as possible about the skills, knowledge, qualifications and attributes that are required for the job and about the experience and personal characteristics that are needed. It is good practice to specify what is essential or the minimum required to perform the job, as well as what is desirable. It is also necessary to think about the context of the job and the wider organisational requirements to specify any elements of person-organisatio n fit that are important.Munro Fraser (1954)Impact on othersphysical make up, appearance, speech,and elanAcquired qualificationseducation, vocational training, work experienceInnate abilitiesquickness of comprehension and aptitude for learningMotivationindividual goals, uniformity anddetermination in following them up, success rateAdjustmentemotional stability, ability to stand up to stressand ability to get on with peopleTable 1. Person specification framework (ACAS cited in Beardwell Claydon, 2004).Rodger (1952)Physical make-uphealth, appearance, bearing and speechAttainmentseducation, qualification, experienceGeneral IntelligenceIntellectual depicted objectSpecial Aptitudesmechanical, manual dexterity,facility in use of words and figuresDispositionacceptability, influence over others, steadiness,dependability, autonomyCircumstancesany special demand of the job, such as abilityto work unsocial hours, decease abroadTable 2. Person specification framework (ACAS cited in Beardw ell Claydon, 2004).When the process of job analysis has been finish and clearly identified, the next step in recruitment process is to attract quantity of suitable applicants with craved features. Company should consider some factors, like companys budget, level of vacancy, time and selection technique in order to choose the right way in recruitment process. Larger companies generally have a larger budget and are more able to find the best candidates for the job. Effective use of recruitment tools depends on the available budget. This due to the fact that recruiting is expensive and the more selection techniques apply the higher the cost to the company, but in doing this the company has a better chance of finding the best candidate. The cost of recruitment and selection is not the only cost the company has to include in its calculation searching new candidates. The other costs the organization should take into consideration are costs of training selected candidates to undertake contributing role to the organization as well as the costs of recruiting and selecting the wrong person (Cornelius, N., 1999, p. 29). Every company should admit recruitment and selection costs to its policy, capabilities and vacancy and on this basis consider if to recruit internally or externally. Furthermore the level of vacancy is another one of the factors a company should consider before choosing a specific method of recruitment and selection. The decision making process is stipulated by individual needs of a company. In order to start the process of recruitment a company should have free vacancies. In fact, managers should decide if a free capacity either proves to be a job opportunity for a potential employee or whether there is an alternative option to resolve the situation. Hence, recruitment and selection processes should not be taken, when there is another opportunity, like reassigning the task to other employees or automated task, so than human resource are no longer re quired. We need to notice, that the higher level of vacancy provides more sophisticated methods of recruitment (Newell, S., Shackleton V. 2001, p. 25).Another concerning question a company should frankly answer is what benign of selection technique they need to apply, i.e. the one which may facilitate effective employment. A company should frankly answer the question concerning the kind of selection technique they may need to apply, i.e. the one which may facilitate effective employment. Bratton (2003, p.227) notes that appropriate selection technique should recognize the way in which people differ and must be extended to a prediction of performance in the workplace. The twenty-first century organization of work has lost a variety of available methods which give credibility to techniques that attempt to measure peoples attitudes and overall constitution. The literature on the subject of organization differentiates between many selection techniques. The basic methods like applicati on form or curriculum vitae are rudimentary to employment interviews. This phase of recruitment process is called pre-screening candidates, which will help to reduce the numbers of inharmonious candidates and to apply more detailed methods of assessment. After pre-screening is time for candidate assessment. An extensive range of assessment methods is presently available to the recruiter like biodata, assessment centre, work sample, references are very useful and reliable. Nevertheless the use of interviews is nonoperational the most popular selection method in the world. Branine (2008) founds interviews to be the main part of the selection process and that there had been awareness of the danger of subjectivity in the conduct of interviews. To avoid such danger, Gabb (1997, p. 64) argued that companies often elect an interview panel of two or sequential interviews with different people. A recent comparative see of six countries found that the interview was one of the most popul ar selection methods. Despite, interviews being reported very often to be subjective and unreliable. It seems that the face-to-face contact with the applicant and the possibility of assessing the candidates social and communication skills are the main advantages of the interview, and hence the main reason for using it. While the trio of application form, interview and references is whitewash popular, there have been further developments in incorporating those with the use of assessment centers which has been reported to be in the subjoin (Branine, M., 2008). judging centers are described by Pilbeam Corbridge (2006, p. 157) as useful in penetrating behaviors relating to interpersonal relationships, leadership, influencing ability, sociability, competitiveness, self-motivation, tolerance, persuasiveness, and decisiveness. Assessment centers have become popular venues for the selection of candidates, the identification of their potentials and the assessment of their training and de velopment needs. The number of transnational companies from the USA has increased, more and more large companies are using a variety of tests ranging from ability to aptitude, personality and intelligence, especially those companies who receive a large number of applications and those needing more skilled employees. But as Marchington Wilkinson (cited in Beardwell, I., Holden, L. Claydon, T., 2004) quote none of the techniques, irrespective of how well they are designed and administered, is capable of producing perfect selection decisions that predict with certainty who is or who is not bound to be a good performer in a particular role. Figure 1.3 shows the accuracy of selection methods. According to Beardwell et al. (2004) the enlargement in using assessment centers and selection testing like a more accurate methods, can help to improve the effectiveness of the selection process. Though, assessment centers are believed to be the most influential selection method in organizations , but simmer down the higher percentage of the firms considering interviews to be the most important selection method. However, doubts about accuracy push employers to approve the interview formats or supplement the interview with the other selection methods such as tests or work simulation (Beardwell et al., 2004). Data about accuracy of various types of selection techniques covers large differences within each technique. It needs to be considered in that point reliability and lustiness, but the detailed aspects of these two key criteria, which are already mentioned, are going to be explained in the following part of this dissertation.Table1.3 The predictive accuracy of selection methods computer address Anderson and Shackleton cited in Beardwell et al. (2004, p. 216))Selection methods concept of validity reliabilityReliability and validity, as statistical concepts, are very important for selection methods. Reliability is a link to the extent to which a selection technique achi eves consistency in measuring. The statistical analysis normally provides a coefficient reliability. In summary of results, the higher will be coefficient (that is, the closer it is to 1.0) the more dependable the technique (Bratton J., 2003, p.235). Figure 3 shows the validity, estimated by meta analyses, of many selection methods. better selection methods must meet four basic requirements practicality, sensitivity, reliability and validity (Price, A., 2000, pp. 148-149). Practicality of the selection method means that it should meet the constraints of cost and time, whereas sensitivity focuses on distinguishing one candidate from another. Reliability of the method can be considered in three aspects test-retest reliability the duration should not have an impact on the score when doing the same tests inter-rater reliability the same scores should be given by different interviewers internal consistency different questions measuring the same competence should give comparable result s. Equally, validity has also three aspects face validity tests are more acceptable when candidates find relevant questions construct validity and predictive validity how well the suitability of candidates for the position is predicted (Price A., 2000, p. 149). It is possible to make a credible selection decision when the required criteria are clearly marked out. If the criteria are not made clear it will be difficult to make an appropriate decision and will also be difficult to validate the selection process (Torrington, D., 2005, p.142).According to the study of Levy-Leboyer mentioned in the Cornelius book (1999, p. 39), the validity of many selection methods is debatable and that is why they should be used with care. As the high validity the following selection methods are thought work sample, aptitude test, assessment centre and cognitive test. Medium validity has bio data, and the low validity references, interviews, personality tests, whereas graphology and astrology do not have any validity (Cornelius N., 1999, pp. 39-40). Moreover validity studies carried out by Taylor (1998) and referred to by Armstrong (2006) found pompous interview methods to be questionable and suggested that alternative selection methods such as biographical data, assessment centres and work tests are more accurate methods of selection. While many studies in recent years have embossed concern about selection and validity, the most widely used methods remain the classic trio application form, interview, and references (Taylor 2001).Early research showed that unstructured interview did not have high validity, so as to improve its validity interview should be more structured. It means that all applicants are asked the same questions and the same dimensions are used to assess applicants. Structured interviews should potentially increase the quality of decisions made (Newell, S., 2001, p. 33). However, according to Heffcutt Arthur (1994, pp. 184-190) improving the structure of int erview does not increase validity. The question remains therefore, that if these methods are among the least valid, why are they still so popular? Armstrong (2006) suggests it is the comfort factor and that recognition needs to be given to the fact that both interviewers and interviewees like them and have grown to expect them. This is also known as mentioned before face validity. He also suggests that most interviewers / organisations may not be aware of what the research suggests. When compared with other selection methods, the classic trio is relatively low-cost and provides the opportunity to have a face to face meeting. In examining selection methods, Armstrong (2006) further suggests that too much innovation in selection methods may turn prospective candidates off. While some organisations may see this as a form of de-selection, the danger is that potentially high dullard and not just the less suitable candidates may be turned off by lengthier and more drawn out selection pro cesses even if they are more valid. However, Cornelius argues that using different methods of selection can increase the certainty of selecting the right applicant in a fair way (1999, p. 40)Figure 3 is based on Schmidt and Hunters (1998) review and shows the validity,estimated by meta analyses, of many selection methods.Source Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnelpsychology practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research .Findings. PsychologicalBulletin, 124, 262-274.