Workplace Violence Essays - Workplace Bullying, Workplace

Work environment Violence Work environment Violence Statistics Work environment and Violence two words that as of not long ago were never connected with each other. However when these words meet up they strike dread in the lives of the individuals that are influenced by them. Work environment, when we think about this word we think about a protected domain where we go to make to our lives better, a spot to make professions for ourselves. The work environment should give security to our families and to help to one day accomplish the objective of budgetary opportunity. Brutality, when we hear this word pictures spring up in our mind like the Jerry Springer Show, the Oklahoma City Bombing, or the most recent demonstration of viciousness to stun our country the slaughter of the secondary school in Colorado. These pictures are stuck in our brains everlastingly; the shear frightfulness of these demonstrations returns us to point of view of the real world. Viciousness is an undeniable practically erratic occasion that can strike anyplace at whenever. I t is the main thrust that torment our working environment at this very moment. ?Oct. 15?KIMBERLY, Wis.?In November 1992, Thomas Monfils was slaughtered by a few colleagues and his ravaged body was found in a mash tank with a 40-pound weight attached to his neck at the James River Corp. plant in Green Bay? (Mulholland). Working environment savagery is transforming into a main need for the present organizations. ?On a normal working day, three individuals will be killed at work in the U.S. One million specialists are attacked and more than 1,000 are killed each year, as indicated by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Crime is the second most noteworthy reason for death at work, after engine vehicle mishaps. That converts into three cases for each 10,000 laborers, affirms the U.S. Branch of Labor. In 1992, 111,000 occurrences of work-place viciousness cost managers and others an expected $6.2 - 2- million? (O'Donovan). The insights are stunning for the measure of working environment viciousness that is out there ordinarily in our workforce. Considerably all the more stunning then these insights is the way that the greater part of these cases go unreported. That implies an expected 2,000,000 specialists are attacked each year and in excess of 2,000 individuals are killed. Working environment Violence Behavior and Characteristics On the off chance that the measurements got the heart siphoning, at that point the attributes will create a coronary failure. Numerous individuals in the workforce figure it will never transpire. I don't have to stress over work environment viciousness since it will never transpire. The truth is that the individuals that submit these demonstrations are increasingly basic then a few people think. ?Creator Joseph Kinney fights that culprits of work-place viciousness don't fit a standard profile. He encourages to center conduct, not attributes. Anyway dependent on past demonstrations of viciousness, a few specialists have recognized ?cautioning manifestations'. These include: moderately aged male, recluse, generally peaceful, with rebellious upheavals, touchy; flighty conduct, obsessive blamer or whiner, consistently baffled stressed work connections, decreased efficiency, disregards lateness or nonattendances, experiences a sensational character swing, changes in soundness of cleanline ss, feels deceived, makes dangers, interest with weapons, displays distrustfulness, appears to be discouraged, is a ?Hate Group' part, reliance on liquor or medications, is associated with an upset, business related sentimental circumstance. - 3- The brutality inclined may see these circumstances as occasions to legitimize a savage reaction: execution advising meetings, disciplinary activities, end, disregarded for an advancement, analysis from colleagues, fizzled or rejected sentiment, individual emergency, e.g., divorce?(O'Donovan). It's an alarming idea to feel that the individual you go on break with, the individual you carpool with is equipped for this viciousness at any second. Brief they are your nearby neighbor the following moment they are on America's Most Wanted for the slaughter of a few people at their work environment. ?One hot August day in 1986, postal worker Patrick Sheryl, 44, strolled into the U.S. Mail station in Edmund, Okla. Inside his mail pocket were three firearms and 100 rounds of ammo. Sheryl killed 17 associates and himself in 10 minutes?(O'Donovan). Working environment Violence Prevention Through all the obscurity and malevolence that work environment brutality brings to the table there is promising finish to the present course of action. Organizations presently have the ammo they have to help in the battle against working environment savagery.

Paganism and Christianity in Beowulf free essay sample

Like a man prohibited for insidiousness, he should anticipate the relentless judgment of God in greatness. (Beowulf, Heaney, p. 65) Finally, as Beowulf is kicking the bucket subsequent to being mortally injured by the Dragon, he at last thanks and acclaims God for the future success of his realm, giving the notoriety and magnificence to God as opposed to guaranteeing it exclusively himself: To the everlasting Lord of All, to the King of Glory, I express gratefulness that I view this fortune here before me, that I have been permitted to leave my kin so plentifully supplied on the day I pass on. (Beowulf, Heaney, p. 189) The endeavor at connecting Pagan convention with Christianity is clear and amazing. Destiny and individual notoriety and magnificence are significant teaching in Paganism, and the creator of Beowulf can repair these attributes with the Will of God and a definitive force and greatness of God, every single significant part of Christianity. We will compose a custom paper test on Agnosticism and Christianity in Beowulf or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 2-B2 The Gospel of Matthew was and still stays a basic book to Christians, both support Christians and changes over from Judaism. It delineates the life of Jesus, as did the other two succinct accounts Mark and Luke. It incorporates delineations of Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem, his enticement, his immersion by John the Baptist, his lessons, his torturous killing, and his restoration and Great Commission to his followers. ?The Great Commission is apparently the most noteworthy portion from the Gospel of Matthew as is accepted to be Jesus’ directions directed to his followers to go out and spread the lessons of Jesus. It is found in Chapter 28, refrains 16-20: â€Å"Then the eleven supporters went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had instructed them to go. At the point when they saw him, they venerated him; yet some questioned. At that point Jesus came to them and stated, All expert in paradise and on earth has been given to me. Subsequently proceed to make followers all things considered, purifying through water them for the sake of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and instructing them to obey all that I have told you. Furthermore, definitely I am with you generally, to the finish of the age. This portion has been deciphered by Christians as awesome guidance to proselytize countries, purify through water non-Christians, just as to perform evangelist work. It is fundamental to the religious philosophy of most Christian religions. Likewise important, the Gospel of Matthew filled in as a scaffold from Judaism to Christianity. In it, Matthew endeavors to show how Jesus satisfied the predictions of the Old Testament and that Jesus is, to be sure, the Messiah anticipated in the old writings.

The Easy Way to Prepare Essay Transition Topics

The Easy Way to Prepare Essay Transition TopicsWhen your student receives a sat essay, you should not expect them to immediately be familiar with all the transition topics. However, students are quite passionate about their subject and they will find it quite easy to pick up a topic if it is presented in a way that captures their interest. Here are some of the popular transition topics.Some students get easily bored with academic concepts and sometimes they just do not know where to go next. Therefore, they can ask you what they should look for next and what interests them. Perhaps you can suggest a workbook as the topic of an upcoming sat essay. An example would be something like 'Before and After' in which you would include a second book with the title of 'After the Workbook'.One of the most important transition topics is probably which book to start with. For example, one possible topic might be 'A History of Literature' followed by 'The Tragedy of William Shakespeare'. This topic would need two books to complete. The problem is that this seems a bit tedious to teach and is likely to take a lot of time out of the study schedule.The best method is to avoid using these types of transition topics and use a mix of topical and technical subjects. In that way, students will be able to take in all of the topics and they will still have plenty of things to keep them interested. Another thing to consider is that students are now online and can look at your syllabus and ask you what they should do next. Make sure that you do not just add this problem to your existing teaching difficulties.One of the most important transition topics when students receive a sat essay is the common transitions. This is basically going to be your textbook, but only slightly different and slightly shorter. These tend to help the student remember the good parts of the class, but also might be a little hard to understand for some students.There are two common transition topics that are worth mentioning here. First, any new material that was previously used as homework should be explained in this new way. Second, anything that was already covered should still be explained in the same way.Finally, some of the most common transition topics are also the hardest to teach. This is mainly because most students do not have much vocabulary or even know how to write English. If you are able to teach the student by showing them a picture or clip from a video, that is even better.When you are preparing your syllabus and transition topics, try to avoid giving too much away. You want to show the student that you care enough about them to cover everything from the beginning to the end. Just take the time to think of transition topics that are interesting and would really interest your students.

The Holocaust Of The Fields Essay - 1884 Words

The documentary Rape in the Fields follows several personal accounts of women working as farmers, who have been sexually assaulted and raped in their work place. These migrant women work in the fields and packing plants of America and have suffered incredible injustice and sexual violence against them at their jobs. This film highlights their struggle for justice and the hardships they face as undocumented women, fighting to remain employed and provide for their loved ones in a work place of abuse and maltreatment. There is an obvious power structure within the agriculture industry in this country. Female farmers are powerless especially compared to farm owners and supervisors. The women who are undocumented essentially don’t have a voice. Many of the female farmers throughout the film were raped and sexually abused by their supervisors, bosses, employers and even fellow co- workers. They were desperate to keep their jobs and make a living for their families so they did not speak out against the violence they suffered. Getting sexually assaulted and harassed was the price to pay in order to keep their jobs and stay in this country. The women were seen as sexual objects and property by their perpetrators. This signifies the powerlessness and the hopelessness of their situation. In contrast, those who held power were their bosses, supervisors and farm owners. They knew how hopeless the female workers were and completely took advantage of that. After all, rape is about power,Show MoreRelatedVisit The Saint Louis Holocaust Museum For My Independent Field Trip964 Words   |  4 Pages I chose to visit the Saint Louis Holocaust Museum for my independent field trip on April 6, 2016 to get out of my typical comfort zone and learn about a specific group of people that endured the largest genocide in recorded history. Upon entering the building, I was shocked to see the number of uniforms and other items that were recovered from World War II. This was the first thing that really set the tone for me and put me in the right emotional state to think about the fact that these are realRead MoreEssay about The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide 1201 Words   |  5 Pagesof people of a certain origin. The Holocaust was in Germany and started in 1933. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were in charge of the Holocaust. The Cambodian Genocide took place in Cambodia. Cambodia is in Southeast Asia (â€Å"Cambodian†). Pol Pot was the leader of Khmer Rouge and the group was in charge of the Cambodian Genocide (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Cambodian Genocide started in 1975 and ended in 1978 because Khmer Rouge was ended by Vietnam (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide are similarRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Night 957 Words   |  4 Pagesnot decide on its mood. 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The first trip to the concentration camp took him by surprise when he was at the starvation bunkers and noticed a cross. He arrived ready forRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Profound Effect On Modern History Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pages Final Paper Dr. Holly Hurlburt Holocaust Memorial The Holocaust had a profound effect on modern history. Millions of European Jews lost their lives during this brutal extermination period. Many Jewish professionals were removed from their businesses and denied education. Thousands of Jewish businesses were ransacked and destroyed throughout Germany. In the middle of the night, Nazi officials broke into Jewish homes kidnapping all Jews regardless of age and gender. These men, women, and childrenRead MoreEssay about Democratic Republic of Congo Holocaust922 Words   |  4 Pages The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Holocaust was the bloodiest war fought. This was due to the death toll, possibly larger than that of the Holocaust. 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Susan Morger’s, Teaching the Diary of Anne Frank: An In-depth Resource for Learning about the Holocaust through the Writings of Anne Frank, offers high school teachers a very useful resource for teachingRead MoreAnalysis Of David Irving s Hitler s War Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesThese actions of subverting the authority of science and academia is where the Holocaust revisionists come into the picture. Many of the most prominent revisionists derive their authority from their title as historians. Perhaps the most famous of these people is David Irving. David Irving was a renowned historian in his knowledge of Nazi Germany. He published multiple books that were incredibly detailed looks into World War II. Of his works, he is well known for Hitler’s War, The Destruction of DresdenRead MoreTwo Similar but Different Genocides: The Holocaust and Cambodian Genocide1092 Words   |  5 Pages The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide were two of the most horrific genocides in the history of civilization. The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide has not only similarities but also differences. How they treated their victims, USA involvement, and that they both killed millions of people are some things they share. Differences they include are the people they targeted, how the two leaders took office and lastly where these to genocides took place. Of these two genocides, the Holocaust is moreRead MoreArmenian Genocide and Holocaust Comparison860 Words   |  4 PagesMore than thirteen million people from over four different religions and races were killed during the Holocaust and Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire. That is more than half the number of people that died in World War I. The book Maus by Art Spigelman tells the story of a man who was a victim of and lived through the Holocaust. The Holocaust and Amenian Genocide are indistinguishable because of not only the amount of people that died but also for three more main reasons. These reasons are

Solar Energy The Ultimate Renewable Resource Manish Kumar

SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE RENEWABLE RESOURCE Manish Kumar (EE B.Tech) Universal Institute of Technology, Garhi (Hisar) manishboora13@gmail.com Abstract-The energy availability is essentially needed for all living beings in life .The energy resource like coal, natural gas and petroleum products are non-renewable fossil fuels .These are finite and can be used for limited period of time. Non-renewable resource are also cause environmental pollution .In India various energy source include coal(48%),natural gas (21%,),nuclear (20%),hydro(6%),solar ,wind ,biomass(3%) and other resource (2%).The average energy demand per capita in India 631 kwh(1.7 kwh/day)which is lower as compare to developing countries. Solar energy is the energy with help of which we can generate electricity directly used for heating and cooking .For generation of electricity we use photovoltaic cells or we can say solar cells .India is acclaimed for its sunny areas most of country receive more than 4 kwh/m3/day with more than 300 sunny days per year in most of part of country. Solar energy is free from air pollution, indefinitely sustainable ,helps in preventing the fossil fuels that is why solar energy is the ultimate renewable resource.Show MoreRelatedI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesEarly Stage Finance Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Business Environment for Entrepreneurship Conclusion: Encouraging Entrepreneurship List of Stakeholders and Details of Entrepreneurs Surveyed Entrepreneurship Proï ¬ les Methodology List of Resources Glossary vii viii 1 9 21 29 49 71 89 97 105 163 165 169 Annexure II : Annexure III : Annexure IV : Annexure V : Table of Contents iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Figure 1.2 : Figure 2.1 : Figure 2.2 : Figure 2.3 : Figure 2.4 : Figure

Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay example

Hills Like White Elephants â€Å"The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. [†¦] The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went to Madrid† (290 paragraph 1). Ernest Hemingway crafts a well written dialogue in this story about a man and a girl. The story begins with a detailed description of a train station in Spain surrounded by beautiful hills. The story then turns into dialogue between the two. A man and a girl who appear to be traveling sit down at a†¦show more content†¦Hemingway creates his dialogue so well that he does not have to use he said and she said through the whole story. He does not have to use this because he makes it obvious to the reader through the tone of the story when the man is sp eaking and when the girl is speaking. Hemingway’s use of dialogue is also very revealing in the fact that it shows how the characters are feeling. The way he creates the dialogue makes it possible for the reader to feel the emotion of the character. â€Å"I wanted to try this new drink. That’s all we do, isn’t it- look at things and try new drinks?† â€Å"I guess so.† The girl looked across at the hills. â€Å"They’re lovely hills,† she said. â€Å"They don’t really look like white elephants. I just meant the coloring of their skin through the trees† (291 Line 35). In this part of the dialogue it is apparent that there is some sort of tension between the two characters. The reader can tell there is a problem by the tone of the conversation. The reader can tell which character is saying what line because the feelings of the man and the girl have been established at this point. The way the flow of the dialogue has gone mak es it very clear that the man would like to continue his free and exciting lifestyle while the girl is left wondering what she should do. Sylvester 3 The man said that he wanted to try this new drink and proceeds to comment on howShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway580 Words   |  2 PagesE.B. White once said, â€Å"Theres no limit to how complicated things can get, on account of one thing always leading to another.† This quotation means that nobody ever knows how complicated things are going to get, and on top of that they can get worse. One can agree with this statement because in life you can go through unexpected situations that really affect your life in a negative way, and in life things might get worse. Both Soldiers home by Ernest Hemingway and Hills like white elephants by ErnestRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway886 Words   |  4 Pagesreader could put themselves into. Whether they choose to partake in a wayward journey full of adventure or the daily life of a human being with morals; a story’s aspect influences those thoughts with a deeper understandi ng. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† it follows an American man and girl at a resting point during their travels. They arrived by train, stopping between Barcelona and Madrid. While there, they patiently waited for the next train at a bar inside of the station.Read MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway893 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a prolific writer. His short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† shows the tense situation between a man and a woman on vacation. Hemingway chooses to be vague in many ways. He never gives real names to his characters, nor explicitly states where they are besides hinting that they are in Spain. Additionally, he leaves it entirely to the reader to discover what the couple is discussing. By only providing information to the reader through only the dialogue of the two centralRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written by Ernest Hemingway, is an intriguing literary work that foretells the story of a man and a woman waiting for a train, whilst discussing their feelings and emotions towards the surgical operation that is about to occur on the woman. Although the story was originally written in August 1927, the piece was later published in Hemingway’s short story collection ‘Men Without Women’. The text includes a wide variety of literary terms and has various criticalRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway990 Words   |  4 Pages Another relationship coming to an end†¦ Throughout the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written in 1927 by Ernest Hemingway, he used the train station setting, the desired operation, and obviously the relationship between the American and the girl to symbolize a crumbling relationship and unwanted gift between them. The American and the girl find themselves wound up in a rough, unplanned situation that they are trying to fix. Many bread crumbs are dropped throughout the story to symbolize a collapsingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway1750 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s stories are known for their ever interpreting meanings behind them, and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† does not trail from the rest due to the never mentioned word ‘abortion’. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† written by Ernest Hemingway, takes place around World War 1 in Spain, at a train station (Hills Like White Elephants. 4). An American man and a girl have been discussing the girl’s unspecific operation. It is apparent that the girl is perturbed about this operation, while theRead More`` Hills Like White Elephant `` By Ernest Hemingway865 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore it begins, or as easily getting rid of problem before it even became one. In the short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephant†, the compensation of abortion can easily be seen between Jig and her American lover’s decision whether to keep t he innocent’s life or not. Ernest Hemingway uses the fiction element plot, symbolism, and setting to illustrate the theme of abortion in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants.† Abortion has been viewed as a crucial struggle between couples. Many view this situation as endingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1037 Words   |  5 PagesOlivia Sellers English 102 Scheck February 10, 2016 â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† can be puzzling and hard to decipher. Due to this, a number of conclusions can be drawn away from the text. The dialog between characters leaves a number of questions unanswered and leaves the reader confused about the conversation as a whole. Many things are left unsaid and not explained in the story, with that being the case, the reader must takeRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1432 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood behaviors. Ernest Hemingway weaves both of these stereotypes into his short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story’s plot revolves around a couple arguing about whether or not to have an abortion. In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a theme of male domination can be found, but by examining the dialogue closely, a theme of females asserting their will and manipulating emerges as well. Male domination is the primary and most obvious theme in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† During the

Describe the Problems the Weimar Republic Faced in the Early 1920’s free essay sample

The treaty stated that not only did the Germans have to accept full responsibility in the war but also they would have to pay huge reparations that were thought to be around ? 6600 million pounds. As the Germans land was taken away from them a huge 12. 5% of the German population now found themselves living on the outside of the new German boarders which meant that some previously German people would now have to learn a new language depending on which country owned the land they lived in. The treaty also ordered for the German army to be reduced down to just 100,000 people which was a huge cut to what they were before. The Treaty of Versailles had a clear link to the ‘Stab in the Back’ because it was the stab in the back that the Germans felt because Ebert had decided to because he didn’t really have a choice at the time to sign the terms of the Treaty of Versailles but the German people didn’t realise this because the government had being spreading propaganda which led the Germans to believe they were winning the war so when they found out that they were being defeated they were angry at their government and thought it was a weak government for signing the Treaty of Versailles. Hyper inflation also has an important link to the Treaty of Versailles because Germany was forced to pay ? 6600 million as reparations to the treaty which then led to the Germany marks to become worthless, therefore I believe it was because of the Treaty of Versailles that then created the problem of Hyper Inflation. During the 1920’s in Germany, Hyper Inflation was a problem because Germany had to pay back so much money in reparations. This then caused the value of German Money to drop drastically and hyper inflation had few positives however the positives were that they people in Germany who were previously in debt could easily pay it off because they were earning so much money however the money was worthless. It was also a positive for business men as they could also pay off any loans they had taken out to start up their businesses. Although there are a few positives for hyper inflation they is far more negatives that out weight the positives. These were the German people who had savings were hit the hardest because all their lives they had been saving and now the money was worthless so they had lost everything. An example of the money being worthless was that just before the 1920’s in 1919, 6000 marks would of been a small fortune for the working man however by 1923, 6000 marks couldn’t even buy a stamp for a letter. Workers were also hit pretty badly because their wage increases just couldn’t keep up with the constant rising of prices in Germany. Hyper inflation and the workers that were hit because of it also links onto the invasion of the Ruhr because the workers decided that they were just going to stop working and passively resisted attending work. The workers had stopped working but the Government still had to pay the workers’ wages but they had no money to pay them with so they had to print more bank notes which then links back to hyper inflation because this was the reason why money had become worthless. Germany started to struggle keeping up with the reparations to the Allies that they had promised to pay because of The Treaty of Versailles. It was in 1922 that Germany announced that they could no longer keep up to the payments which resulted in 6000 French and Belgium troops marched into the Ruhr. These troops seized control of all the mines, factories and railways within Germany. The German government told the German workers not to co-operate with the French and Belgium troops and ordered all German workers to strike. The German workers did as the government told them and went on strike. This was a passive resistance. The government had promised that they workers who striked would still be payed for striking. This all links to the Treaty of Versailles because they told Germany they had to pay the reparations and because Germany couldn’t afford to keep up with them was the reason why France invaded the Ruhr. The invasion of the Ruhr also links to political violence because the red rising of the Ruhr was an important reason why the German workers were turning their back and going against the Government. The German people in the 1920’s believed they were ‘stabbed in the back’. The stab in the back was the theory that the German people widely believed in right-wing circles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose the First World War but was instead betrayed by the Government at the time. The German people believed they were stabbed in the back because the Kaiser told people through propaganda that they were winning the war but when it finally came out that they were being defeated the German people were becoming increasingly worried of starvation. The Germans blamed the government for this because they were lead to believe that they were winning the war. The stab in the back then links to political violence which was another huge problem. It was because of the stab in the back that caused the numbers of Freikorps to rise. The Germans thought they were winning the war even thought they had been stabbed in the back. The first party that came forward and used political violence against the current government was the Spartacist Rising in 1919. The party was led by Rosa Luxemburg and also Karl Liebknecht but their ideas were badly planned which lead to them both being murdered however they did manage to gain to support of the German workers who were protesting at the time but didn’t manage to gain to support of the other left wing groups. This party didn’t get far in their plans to take over the country as they were stopped by the Freikorps and there were not much of a threat overall. The Red Rising in the Ruhr was a party in 1920 that were lead by members of the communist party. They had support from German workers who were protesting for better working conditions in the war however this party didn’t have a clear plan and had very weak leadership meaning that again this party was a slightly larger threat than the Spartacist Party but not a huge threat overall. Another party in 1920 was the Kapp Putsch Party which was led by Freikorps units led by Wolfgang Kapp. This party had the support from the Freikorps brigades and 12,000 Freikorps soldiers. The party striked in protest at the putsch and because of the amount of support the party had, this was the party that came closest to taking over Germany but they didn’t quite manage it. The final party supporting political violence was the Munich Party in 1923. It was the Nazi party which was led by Adolf Hitler and the General Ludendorff. The support this party had gained was 55,000 members and they also had they own private army. The party planned to take over the government and they started in Munich. The party made many mistakes as their ideas were not planned properly resulting in Hitler being sent to prison for 5 years, because of this, I believe this was the party that was the least threatening of all the political violence parties. Political violence can be linked to hyper inflation because the right wing groups blamed the government for hyper inflation and the extremist groups didn’t think the government was doing enough so they wanted to have a quick change. It was because of hyper inflation that gave Hitler the chance to take over and the right wing government was weak and also angry which then led back to hyper inflation. Another problem that political violence can be related back to is the Treaty of Versailles because the Treaty meant that the German people needed a strong government and there was plenty of different groups wanting that power. All of the political groups blamed the Treaty of Versailles for weaken the county which was what the German people liked to hear. In conclusion I believe that the biggest problem that the Weimar Republic faced in the 1920’s was the Treaty of Versailles because almost all of the problems could be linked or related back to the Treaty. Money was one of the biggest problems in Germany at this time and a money problem was because of the Treaty again. The Treaty Of Versailles treated Germany very unfair which I believe is the reason why Germany got itself into all of the problems it did in the early 1920’s.

Corporate Process

Community Health Team Essay Example

Community Health Team Essay Example Community Health Team Essay Community Health Team Essay Community Health Teams Mobilization RATIONALE Fast track Kalusugan Pangkalahatan and achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MD6s), particularly for the poor Ensure that all families are visited by health workers Increase presence of health social sector in the community Promote health seeking behaviors Provide information on health and social services, Philhealth benefits, and accredited health facilities FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH TEAMS (CHTS) Health teams guarantee that every family in the community is periodically visited and attended by a health provider and other community workers Community Health Teams assigned to families Do house to house visits Reach all families with priority for CCT/NHTS families and 12 breakthrough areas with highest concentration of NHTS families PURPOSE OF CHTS 1. 1 . Link families to health and other social service providers 1. 2. Provide critical health and social services when needed 1. 3. Deliver key messages COMPOSITION OF THE CHT 5 TRAINED MEMBERS Midwife/Nurse as leader Plus 4 Members: 1 . Barangay Health Worker, Traditional Birth Attendant 2. Social Welfare Development Office Representative, Parent leaders 3. Barangay Nutrition Scholars 4. Barangay Service Population Officer PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES Mobilization of CHTS start (Oct 15,2011) Training of National Trainers (Sep 22-23) Signing of Joint Memo Circular (Oct 11,2011)) Training of Trainers Regional (Oct 12-14, 2011) ROLES OF AGENCIES Training Philhealth Advocacy Knowledge Officer, DepEd Physician, DSWD Regional CCT coordinator DSWD Municipal Links, DOH Provincial/Municipal Health Teams, DepEd Teacher/Principal Resource Mobilization DSWD,LGU Thru DILG ( venue/F00d Tran-ling) LGU thru DILG (Transport Cost) Others DepEd Teacher to refer CCT absentees to CHTs for follow-up DSWD to generate List of CCT families CHT Members Parent Leaders (DSWD), Municipal Social Welfare Development Officer, NNC, POPCOM, DOH KEY MESSAGES 1 . CHTs are to deliver key messages on health, Philhealth, and Pantawid Pamilya Keep your promise to stay healthy. 3. Have at least 4 pre-natal care visits. 4. Give birth at a health center, lying-in, or hospital. 5. Breastfeed your child right after birth. 6. Complete your childs immunization. 7. Space your children 3-5 years apart. 8. Practice proper hygiene. 9. Live a healthy lifestyle. . Enroll and be a PhilHealth member 11. Use your PhilHealth benefits. 12. Know where to go for health services. 13. Go to a health center if you have been coughing for 2 weeks or more. Key Considerations and Preparations for CHT Implementation at the LGU Creation of Provincial CHT Management Team policy support from PLGU/MLGU/BLGU Advocacy activities to generate LGIJ buy in and awareness on KP and CHT 2. Preparations for the Municipal Level CHT training and deployment, and monitoring implementation Integration of the MDG Plan and Financial Risk Protection Plan in the PIPH/AOP

Convicted felons in the workforce vs human resource management Research Paper

Convicted felons in the workforce vs human resource management - Research Paper Example This paper is about individuals who possess criminal records, and how their chance to work in the workforce is a notch more difficult than their other peers who have a clean record. In this paper, the researcher would like to focus on a certain type of individual who has been excluded from the rest of society because of their misbehaviour. In legal systems, a felon is someone who has been accused of performing a serious crime and has been legally condemned of doing so. There exist a long list of crimes that can brand a person a criminal, and the ones that are considered to be felonies are not restricted to the following- grand theft, tax evasion, robbery, rape, murder, fraud, kidnapping, violent assaults, treason, arson, illegal drug abuse and drug trafficking, and espionage. Felonies can be considered as a felony under various circumstances, and a convicted felon can only be convicted by a person of legal authority such as a judge (Eisenstein and Jacob, 1991). In this paper, the researcher would like to discuss the reasons regarding preferred characteristics of a potential employee. In the case of felons who decide to join the workforce after serving their time in prison, the researcher would like to investigate how the human resource department in organizations deal with such cases, should they decide to hire a felon. Naturally, hiring a previously convicted criminal can affect an organization’s operations, so companies must be extremely cautious in such cases. For instance, planning employee activities might have to be planned in a different way, or controlling such employees might have to be done in a different manner. The researcher would like to investigate social views on such a controversial topic, and also what can be done to help these felons find their own niche in the workforce. In 2007, reports were made that there are en estimate of 2 million convicted persons in prison serving their time.

History of modern social thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of modern social thought - Essay Example Bentham was born in February 15, 1748 in Spitalfields, London. He was part of a wealthy Tory family whose proclivity is in the practice of law. His childhood was filled with a mixture of religious superstition, owing to his mother's side, and enlightened rationalism, as his father and grandfather were both attorneys (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). With such a brilliant mind, Bentham was considered as a child prodigy. At an early age, he was found sitting at his father's desk reading a multi-volume of English history and studying Latin. He attended the Westminster School and Queen's College, Oxford, where he completed his Bachelor's degree (1763) and Master's degree (1766). ("West's Encyclopedia of American Law) Bentham's father believed that his son would one day become the Lord Chancellor of England ("UCL Bentham Project"). With this, Bentham was educated as a lawyer and admitted to the bar in 1769. However, he decided against the practice of law as he became disconcerted with the complexity of the English legal code. Instead, he opted to pursue a career in legal, political and social reform. ("West's Encyclopedia of American Law) In light of his chosen career path, Bentham devoted most of his life to writing matters pertaining to legal reforms. He spent most of his time studying as he wrote for eight to twelve hours daily (Harrison). His father's death in 1792 resulted in Bentham's financial independence. With his inheritance, he lived quietly in Westminster of 40 years and generated about ten to twenty pages of manuscript per day. ("UCL Bentham Project") Ironically, he made little effort to publish these manuscripts. Such that shortly before his death on June 6, 1832, John Bowring, his secretary, remarked that from no modern writer had so much been stolen without acknowledgment. (Kahn) Cultural Context of Bentham's Works Bentham lived during the period of massive social, political and economic change. His reflections on existing institutions covered the Industrial Revolution, the rise of the middle class and the revolution in France and America among others. His passion for tackling essential reforms in view of these events was sparked by his disillusionment with the law. After attending the lectures delivered by Sir William Blackstone, the leading authority in law at that time, Bentham became deeply frustrated with the English law. As such, he dedicated much of his life in criticizing the prevailing laws and proposing reforms to enhance the system. As one of the so called "philosophic radicals," Bentham believed that much of the social problems prevailing in England in the late 18th to early 19th century were attributable to the legal system, which was not adoptive of the societal changes and economic system, which was controlled by a landed gentry that was against modern capitalist institutions. ( "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy") It was also during Bentham's times that England was in the midst of an aggravated state of affairs highly influenced by the Anglican Church. The country was depicted as a puritanical world wherein implemented doctrines encouraged women subjugation and prejudices, and went against natural philosophy. Given these,

Method of data analysis Essay Example for Free

Method of data analysis Essay Thematic analysis was used to make meaningful deductions from the documented raw data. In thematic analysis, a concept is chosen for examination, and the analysis involves noting the frequency of its presence in the whole interview, and finding interrelations among the themes identified. The focus is at the occurrence of selected terms within a text or texts, although the terms may be implicit as well as explicit. While explicit terms obviously are easy to identify, coding for implicit terms and deciding their level of implication is complicated by the need to base judgments on a somewhat subjective system (Patton 2002). Simply put, the researcher read the documented surveys, and analyzed the inter-linkages of these responses. When responses are not explicit, inter-judge validation was used, with another researcher agreeing on the category under which the response may be grouped. The meaning and interpretation of each response was noted, and related to the organization’s overall profile. In this sense and taken as a holistic approach, the data from the chosen institution may be considered as a case study. Methodological Limitations The study also has methodological limitations. First, it did not make use of any other quantitative measure to study the phenomenon apart from qualitative procedure of thematic analysis (Patton 2002). Second, there was only one participant institution, Elfed and its responses may not be reflective of the population it represents (Zikmund 1997). It may be worth noting that the goal of the study is to generalize about the phenomenon across schools; thus, the use of participants from a cross-section of different learning institutions. Third, there were some time constraints on the part of both interviewer and interviewees, which may be a factor in the length of their responses or the duration of the interview. Had there been more time, more probing questions and more data may have been gathered. Moreover, since the study has been limited to an UK-based school, its conclusions may not be able to create a comprehensive generalization to other countries or regions. This is especially true when cultural and economic factors are taken into consideration. Biases in the responses may have occurred since the only source of primary data is the knowledge and perception of the interviewee. The respondent may not be so honest with their answers and express only what is socially desirable, especially because they were ‘carrying’ the name of their school. Logically, they would not want to put the school in a bad light. In addition, since the interviews were conducted at the place of work, the respondents may not be at ease in answering the questions. In effect, their responses may not be as candid or as honest (Denzin Lincoln 2000). Results and Discussion For this part of the study, the results gathered from both the interview and the focus group discussions will be presented in this part of the study. In addition to this, the results will be evaluated and examined with the literature presented in the review of related literature to gather any existing relationships or occurrences within the data gathered. For the first part of this section, the results of the focus group discussion will be presented and will be discussed.

Wolff’s Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening Essays -- Chopin Awakening

Wolff’s Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening The critical case study to the novel establishes a definition of a type of critical response, and then gives as close an example that fits that mode of criticism—BORING! First, the book has these forms of criticism laid out contiguously, as if they occurred only spatially and not temporally. This flattened and skewed representation of critical approaches, taking an argument out of its context (an academic debate) and uses it as if it were a pedagogical tool. Just as criticism in many ways takes the life out of the text, by dissecting it and making it a part of an argument, the â€Å"model critical approach† takes the life out of criticism. It is interesting to see how the different Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism are altered by the text they are describing. For example, I have one volume on Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, and another for Great Expectations, both of which demonstrate the extent to which the object of critique affects the critique itself, such that â€Å"deconstruction criticism† in an intellectual vacuum is something different than when a scholar tries to apply it to a particular text, altering both the text as well as the principles of deconstruction. The Awakening gender criticism takes on a different feel from Great Expectation gender criticism even though they are informed by the same principles, because gender in the early Victorian Dickens is different than in the turn of the century American Chopin. In this way the criticism co-constructs with the primary document something different than both the criticism and the original text. Such a syntheses have produced exciting and inn ovative ideas, refreshing and reviving works from the tombs of academia. Unfor... ... is also a politics involving real becomings, an entire becoming clandestine. (A Thousand Plateaus 188) Finally, the sea is a common trope for mother, and maternal—that from which life springs. We are presented with Edna running away from Protestant society (the dynamo, the father) to Catholic Creole society (the earth-goddess transformed into the Madonna). She runs away from her father, and there is no mother for her to run towards except the archetypal sea. If these mythic formations say anything, the novel says something about Edna’s own lost mother. Is the tragedy of the book that this mother is never found even though Edna followed the trail to the musty scent? Is the tragedy of the story Edna’s mother died giving birth to Edna, leaving Edna with only one memory of her mother—the musty scent of childbirth? Does this inform her attitudes toward motherhood?

Ad analysis

We know this because not only is the watch predominantly black in color, normally men's etches are black, but also because it's a large watch with a precise and detailed whiteface. We can tell that the advertisement also is aimed at more athletic, or sporty, men who would want to be like NFG quarterback Eli Manning. The advertisement is using the technique of giving the reader an idea of what they could possibly be if they bought the product. The advertisement is inadvertently saying that if you wear a Citizen Codeine watch, that you could possibly be a superstar, Super Bowl winning, quarterback.They are trying to entice men to buy the watch cause most men have dreams of being a handsome, sophisticated, superstar like Eli Manning and the company Is hoping that men will buy this watch In order to try and become like Eli Manning. This advertisement also features 4 large sentences on the right side of the page. The first sentence Is simply â€Å"Unstoppable†. It then goes on to s ay how Ell Manning Is unstoppable and then It makes the claim saying â€Å"It's unstoppable, Just like the people who wear It†.These sentences are the mall part of the ad, they are trying to make men realize that If they want to be sophisticated and unstoppable† then they must have this watch Like Ell Manning. The advertisement also boasts the fact that the watch will never require a battery. This Is meant to show men that they will not have to worry about buying a new watch battery and getting It Installed. In this ad we see mostly ethos, they are saying that Ell Manning wears this watch so It must be sophisticated and classy. They are using his credibility and hoping that people will trust a NFG superstar.Pathos Is also found In this ad, they use very vivid language when describing Ell Manning and people who ear the watch. They use one word and It Is bolted and repeated throughout the ad. Pathos Is also found In this ad because they are making the reader feel Like If they don't have this elegant watch then they are able to be stopped, but If you do have this watch you are Indeed unstoppable. They are trying to make the reader feel Like they need to buy this watch In order to be successful. Ad analysis By Maydays Eli Manning and the company is hoping that men will buy this watch in order to try the right side of the page.The first sentence is simply â€Å"Unstoppable†. It then goes on to say how Eli Manning is unstoppable and then it makes the claim saying â€Å"It's unstoppable, Just like the people who wear it†. These sentences are the main part of the ad, they are trying to make men realize that if they want to be sophisticated and â€Å"unstoppable† then they must have this watch like Eli Manning. The advertisement also boasts the fact that the watch will never require a battery. This is meant to getting it installed. In this ad we see mostly ethos, they are saying that Eli Manning wears this watch so it must be sophistic ated and classy.They are using his credibility and hoping that people will trust a NFG superstar. Pathos is also found in this ad, they use very vivid language when describing Eli Manning and people who wear the watch. They use one word and it is bolted and repeated throughout the ad. Pathos is also found in this ad because they are making the reader feel like if they don't have this elegant watch then they are able to be stopped, but if you do have this watch you are indeed unstoppable. They are trying to make the reader feel like they need to buy this watch in order to be successful.

What are the Zeros of a Quadratic Function

Performance Appraisals and Motivation Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4201 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This chapter served as the groundwork for the development of this study. An overview of the extensive historical research on related topics is provided. The literature review is divided into two categories where the first dwells on literatures pertaining on the subject of Performance Appraisals and the second category focuses on motivation theories and their relevance in the Performance Appraisal System. 2.2 Performance Appraisal System 2.2.1 Meaning of Performance: Different authors have differing ideas about what performance actually is. Lebas (1995) defines performance as undertaking a particular action to successfully complete set goals, taking into consideration the given time frame and constraints of the performer and the situation. On the other hand, performance can be demarcated by comparing actual results attained to results that were expected (Dess and Robinson, 1984). According to Brumbrach (1988, cited in Armstrong, 2000): Performance means both behaviours and results. Behaviours emanate from the performer and transform performance from abstraction to action. Not just the instruments for results, behaviours are also outcomes in their own right the product of mental and physical effort applied to tasks and can be judged apart from results.  [1] The above definition considers performance to be involving both the actions taken during the process in attempting to achieve goals and outputs obtained as a result of the effort put. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Appraisals and Motivation Theories" essay for you Create order 2.2.2 Performance Management System (PMS) Following the definition of performance given by Brumbrach, Armstrong (2000) highlights the importance and need for superiors to manage employees performance. To determine if performance has been succeeded, techniques have to be developed to appraise the accomplishments. Performance Management (PM) is one of the ways to manage workers performance today in many organisations. Noe et al (2006) define performance management as a practice used by managers to make sure that employees actions and outputs delivered are consistent with the organisations goals. The concept of PM was first coined by Beer and Ruh in 1976. However, it is barely in the mid 1980s that it had been known as a distinctive approach. PM since then has contributed a lot in the advancement of Human Resource Management. The concept is widely being used in organisations with a view to obtain better results and improved performances from the workforce. Goals and standards are being planned well beforehand in orde r to get satisfied outcomes. 2.2.3 Performance Appraisal System (PAS) Performance Appraisal System is a component of PM. Also known as performance review, it formally documents the achievements of an individual with regards to set targets. Managing employees performance can be said to be as important as any other work that all managers execute during the year. Grote (2002) describes performance appraisal as a formal management tool that helps evaluate the performance quality of an employee. Schneier and Beatty as cited in Patterson (1987) define it as a process which apart from evaluating also identifies and develops human performance. According to Karol (1996) performance appraisal includes a communication occasion planned between a manager and an employee for the main purpose of assessing that employees previous performance and establishing ways for further improvement. 2.2.4 History of PAS The history of performance appraisal is fairly concise. Appraisal really began with the Second World War where it was used to assess outcomes. Performance appraisal was seen in the industry in early 1800. Randell (1994) identified its use in Robert Owens use of silent monitors in the cotton mills of Scotland. The Silent monitors were in terms of blocks of wood with different colours painted on each visible side and it was hung above each employees work station. At the end of the day, the block was turned so that a particular colour, representing a grade of the employees performance, could be seen by everyone. (Weise and Buckley, 1998) Subjective evidence indicates that this practice had a facilitating influence on subsequent behavior. Spriegel(1962) and Weise and Buckley(1998) affirm that by the early 1950s, 61 per cent of organisations regularly used performance appraisals, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II. DeVries et al. (1981) pointed out th e primary tool to be the trait-rating system, which focused on past actions, using a standard, numerical scoring system to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions. The main tool, used under here was trait rating system. The concept of Management by Objective (MBO) was first proposed by Peter Drucker in 1954. Mcgreror then used it in the appraisal process in the year 1957. He suggested that, employees should be appraised on the basis of short-term goals, rather than traits, which are jointly set by the employee and the manager. Weise and Buckley (1998) affirm that this method was very advantageous as it lead to a transformation of a managers role from being a judge to a helper. It also showed that employees productivity ultimately leads to performance. However, when employees performance was measured on the basis of units, then MBO was ineffective. This lead to new development in the appraisal process and the employees were evaluated on the ba sis of behaviour based rating. Smith and Kendall (1963) designed the first tool to focus on behaviors and it was the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS). 2.1.5 Modern Appraisal Todays performance appraisal process has evolved into a more planned and formal process. It is used as a means which helps identify and compare employees performances. The appraisals data are frequently being used to review several Human Resources decision. It can determine any need for career developments and trainings. For issues such as raise in salaries, rewards and promotions, employers are more and more making use of the appraisals results. Appraisals have now developed into a regular and intervallic system in organizations, normally carried out at least once a year. When talking about the modern approach to appraisal, the term feedback cannot be ignored. The one-to-one discussion between supervisors and subordinates gives rise to feedback and is referred to as the feedback process. This process can improve communication all through the organization but also it can reinforce employees relationships with their superiors. This is so as the workers have the feeling that they do matter to the organization and that their needs are being taken into consideration. The performance appraisal system has most likely become a future-oriented approach as it aims to improve future performances by considering present problems. 2.1.6 Purposes of PAS The most known purpose of performance appraisal is to improve performance of individuals. Cummings and Shwab (1974) held that performance appraisal has basically two important purposes, from an organizational point of view and these are: 1. The maintenance of organizational control 2. The measurement of the efficiency with which the organizations human resources are being utilized. Still, there are also a variety of other declared purposes for appraisal as per Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) and some are; improving motivation and morale of the employees, clarifying the expectations and reducing the uncertainty about performance, determining rewards, identifying training and development needs, improving communication, selecting people for promotion, discipline, planning corrective actions and setting targets. Furthermore, Bowles and Coates (1993) conducted a postal survey of 250 West Midland companies in June 1992, where organizations were asked ques tions pertaining to the use of Performance management in the organization. These questions included the apparent purpose of PA in the management of work, its strengths and weaknesses. Through their survey they found out that PA was beneficial in the following ways: PA was favorable in developing the communication between employer and employee It was useful in defining performance expectations It helped identified training needs. Performance appraisal can thus be used as an effective tool to improve employees job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses, meeting of targeted goals and providing training if needed. 2.1.7 Techniques of PAS There are several commonly used techniques of performance appraisal as reviewed by Oberg (1972). They are as follows: Essay Appraisal, Paired Comparison, Graphic Review Scale, Weighted Checklist, Person to Person Rating, Forced Ranking, Critical Incidents. The above techniques were the traditional ones but the methods most widely used today are: Management by Objectives Employees are requested to put up their own performance objectives. They are then judged through these objectives by verifying whether they were satisfied or not. However, in many cases organizations themselves set their standards and goals even after consulting employees. 360 Degree Feedback 360 Degree Feedback is a process in which employees receive private and anonymous feedback from the people who work around them. Kettley (1997) says that when an individual receives feedback from different sources of the organization, including peers, subordinate staff, customers and themselves, the proce ss is called 360 degree feedback or appraisal. The employee is then assessed using those received feedback. 2.1.8 Feedback Feedback about the effectiveness of an individuals behavior has long been recognized as essential for learning and for motivation in performance-oriented organizations. Ilgen et al. (1979) stated that feedback is considered as an important tool in performance appraisal process. Feedback can be a useful tool for development, especially if it is specific and behaviorally oriented, as well as both problem-oriented and solution-oriented according to Murphy and Cleveland (1995). One of the basic purposes of formal appraisal process is the provision of clear and performance based feedback to employees. Carroll and Scheiner( 1982) affirmed that some organisations use feedback as a development tool, while in some organizations it is used for merit evaluation and compensation adjustment. McEvoy and Buller(1987), Wohlers and Gallagher( 1990) contributed that feedback is very essential for the employees because it forms a baseline for the employees which help them to get a review of their pas t performance and chance to improve their skills for the future. Ashford (1986) says that when feedback is considered as a valuable resource, then only the individuals feel motivated to seek it, which helps in reducing uncertainty and provides information relevant to self-evaluations. There is also evidence that performance feedback (if given appropriately) can lead to substantial improvements in future performance (Guzzo et al., 1985; Kopelman, 1986; Landy et al., 1982) Fedor et al. (1989); Ilgen et al. (1979) identified that it is commonly accepted that negative feedback is perceived as less accurate and thus less accepted by recipients than positive feedback. Furthermore, Fedor et al. (1989) found that negative performance appraisal feedback was less accepted and perceived as less accurate than positive performance appraisal feedback. 2.1.9 Views Organisations Employees have on P.A.S Evans (1986) asserts that many employees believe that their promotion or salary increments depend mostly on their performance. Employees therefore are in a dilemma and consider this situation as survival of the fittest. They know for a fact that, their performance will only be taken into consideration at the end of the day. So, in order to grow in the company they need to be proactive towards their work. The feedback the employee receives from his superior, may simply describe the level of performance achieved. Hence, it becomes important for the managers to conduct the appraisal technique correctly. Employees can only accept criticism if it is useful and important to them. Managers should therefore know how to give information regarding progress made in performance and how to present criticism as well. Meyer et.al (1965) carried out a study in General Electric Company where certain points relating to performance feedback was highlighted. In this study, 92 employees were appr aised by their managers on two occasions over two weeks. The study was carried out using questionnaires, interviews and observation. The first appraisal highlighted performance and salary while the second one underlined performance and improvement. It was observed that lots of criticisms were pointed out by the managers, which lead to defensive behaviour of the employees. The conclusion of the study was that criticism leads a negative impact on the motivation and performance of the employees. Also feedback sessions designed to improve performance should not at the same time consider salary and promotion issues. Ilgen et. al (1979) add that employees who believe that the appraisal system is under any kind of bias, are most likely to be dissatisfied by their work and can also leave their jobs. On the other hand Murphy and Cleveland highlighted one possible reason for the widespread dissatisfaction with performance appraisal in organization as the systems used by these help neith er them nor their employees in meeting the desired goals. Landy et al. (1978) and Tang and Sarsfield-Baldwin (1996) found evidence that the assignment of raters influences perceptions of fairness and accuracy in performance appraisals and hence about the whole process itself. Nevertheless, according to Jacobs, Kafry Zedeck (1980) employees perceive PA to give them a proper understanding of their duties and responsibilities towards the organization. Likewise, organization sees it as a tool to assess employees on a common ground and one which helps in salary and promotions decisions, training and development programs. In many circumstances appraisal plans are interpreted by managers as a system that helps an organization to change regular priorities and usual ways of working and in so doing to alter its strategic direction. Hence, in circumstances where change cannot be attained by managerial proclamation, appraisal takes on the character of an engine of change. When manager s look at appraisal from this angle they hope that it will bring about a change in strategic direction and organizational behaviour. Researchers have suggested that reaction to performance appraisal is critical to the acceptance and use of a performance appraisal system (Bernardin Beatty, 1984; Cardy Dobbins, 1994; Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Reactions may even contribute to the validity of a system (Ostroff, 1993). Cardy and Dobbins (1994) suggest that with dissatisfaction and feelings of unfairness in process and inequity in evaluations, any performance appraisal system will be doomed to failure (p. 54). Murphy and Cleveland (1995) stated that reaction criteria are almost always relevant, and an unfavorable reaction may doom the carefully constructed appraisal system. 2.1.10 Benefits of PAS Possibly the most important benefit of appraisal is that, in the rush and pressure of todays working life, it allows the supervisor and subordinate to have time out for a one-on-one discussion of indispensable work problems that might not otherwise be addressed. Likewise, the existence itself of an appraisal system indicates to employees that the organization is genuinely concerned with their individual performances and advancement. This only can have a positive impact on the employees sense of worth, commitment and belonging. Appraisal offers the rare chance to focus on employment activities and objectives, to spot and correct existing problems and to enhance favorable future performance. Thus the performance of the whole organization is improved. Performance appraisal usually provides employees with acknowledgment for their work efforts, if any and as a result it brings them satisfaction. Actually, there are facts supporting that human beings will even prefer negative re cognition in rather than no recognition at all. During performance appraisals, feedbacks are obtained. These provide vital information on whether training and development needs should be considered. The presence or lack of working skills, for example, can become very obvious. The supervisor and subordinate can thus agree upon any demand for training. As far as the organization is concerned, the overall appraisal results can provide a regular and efficient training needs audit for the organization as a whole. The information obtained from appraisals can also give indication on an organizations recruitment and selection practices. This can be done by screening the performance of recently hired workers. The general quality of the workforce can also be monitored by assessing any improvement or decline performances. Changes if needed in the recruitment strategies can then be considered. 2.1.11 Criticisms related to P.A.S There are several problems in the actual performance appraisal primarily due to rater bias. Some supervisors are too lenient and thus have a tendency to rate all employees positively rather than really measuring their performance. Another problem is the central tendency where supervisors position the majority of the employees in the center of the performance scale, even though they deserve a better or worse grade. The halo effect is another error usually made during appraisals. This arises when a supervisors general feeling about an employee influences the overall judgment. Performance appraisal systems are at times criticized for weaknesses in the system design itself. Sometimes they assess the wrong behaviours or consequences, or focus on employees personality instead of on their work performances. Very often standards for appraising employees are not related to the work itself. As a consequence employees may not likely be interested in such a system where performance stand ards are unsuccessful in highlighting important aspects of the jobs. Some organizations founds that PAS is a constant cause of tension, since evaluative and developmental concerns come often into disagreement. It is said that the appraisal can serve only one of them at a time. Also they find it dehumanize and demoralize to pass on judgments which then become source of apprehension and stress to employees. Many researchers such as Derven (1990) expressed doubts about the effectiveness and dependability of the appraisal process. Some found the process to be imperfect in nature. Moreover, Gabris Mitchell (1989) found a disturbing bias in the appraisal process called the Matthew Effect. It is said to take place in cases where employees keep on receiving the same evaluation each year. This denotes that there is the belief that if an employee has work well, he or she will continue on that pace. The Matthew Effect advocates that even if employees struggle to do well, their past a ppraisal reports will discriminate their future progress. Accuracy is important in appraisals. However for raters to appraise employees accurately, they should give unbiased results. Unfortunately accurate ratings are quite impossible as researchers affirm that personal liking, look, former impressions, gender and race will certainly manipulate appraisals, that is, there will always be some kind of biasness. 2.1.12 Conclusion about PAS There are various schools of beliefs as to the validity and reliability of performance appraisals. While Derven (1990) doubts about its dependability, Lawrie (1990) finds it to be the most important aspect of organizations. A recent survey concluded that more than fifty per cent of the workforce wishes that their supervisors list the performance objectives much more specifically and clearly. The same survey revealed that 42 per cent of the employees were rather disappointed their organisations performance appraisal system. Many supervisors make the wrong use of appraisal. They use it as a punitive tool rather than helping their subordinates to improve their performance and overcome work problems. According to Shelley Riebel, as in the Detroit News (April 11, 1998) often managers are unsuccessful to explain what they really expect from their employees and fail to well describe the criteria used for assessing their performance. The data obtained during the appraisal proce ss should be wisely used and considered. Still, for performance appraisal to be successful, it is important to carry it out on a regular and consistent basis. This will allow supervisors to follow and review employees work. Raters often make the mistake of emphasizing too much on mistakes committed by the employees. Rather, if ever some problem is spotted by the supervisor, the issue should be discussed with the employee concerned and both should try work on a solution. 2.2 Motivation Performance Appraisal System 2.2.1 Introduction to Motivation Motivation can be defined as the driving force that moves us to pursue a certain goal, or trigger a particular action. It can be considered as the desire within a person causing him or her to act. People generally act for a motive and that is to achieve a specific objective. Two main types of motivation have been noted, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from the inner self while extrinsic motivation arises when external factors require one to perform something. According to Passer and Smith (2004) the concept motivation refers to a course of action that influences the determination, direction and dynamism of goal-directed behaviour. Similarly, Kreitner and Kinicki (2007) assert that motivation represents psychological practices that stimulate voluntary actions. In the work context, as confirmed by Coetsee (2003), motivation entails the readiness of individuals and groups to put much effort so as to achieve organizational goals. From the above, it can be construed that there exists no single and general definition for motivation. Yet, Boje and Rosile (2004) regard motivation as an authoritarian ideology, a way to manipulate performance and where visions of self-actualisation need gratification. This view might be too negative to consider, but the rise in capitalism has been driven by high concentration motivation programmes which sometimes turn employees into production machines. 2.2.2 Motivation and P.A.S in Organisation Today Motivation can be the key to a successful organization. It is often claimed that the best businesses have the best motivated workers. Well motivated employees are said to be more productive and perform quality work. It remains however one of the most challenged tasks for managers to motivate their staffs as everyone is unique. A supervisor should strive to tie in the companys goals together with the employees individual goals through performance management. Moreover, the whole performance appraisal process and its result can affect an employees motivation. As highlighted by Cummings and Shwabs (1974), employees performance is the outcome of the employees motivation to perform. In an organisational context, the performance is appraised by assessing the employees aptitudes and potentials to achieve the set goals. 2.2.3 Theories of Motivation related to P.A.S 2.2.3.1 Edwin Lockes Goal Setting Theory A main element for efficiently coaching employees is by using goal setting. Edwin Locke (1968) introduced the Goal Setting Theory whereby employees get motivated to work for the organisation when they are given specific and pronounced goals to achieve. This theory emphasizes that hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals. Secondly, particular hard goals produce higher level of output and lastly, behavioural intentions lead to choice behaviour. Many, who study the relationship between performance and motivation in organizations, will agree that goal-setting and explanation creates confidence in the workers. By clearly explaining the meaning of the goals, employees will have a clear view on what the organization wants to achieve. Coetsee (2003) affirms that the most performing workers are goal-directed. Set goals allow employees to accomplish organisational vision, aims and strategic objectives. The assumption made here is that when people recognise and unde rstand what is expected from them and how they are to be met, they will be motivated to achieve them within the time-limit. With regard to coaching, goal-setting theory has been used more than any other as a framework to motivate employees to improve their performance. As cited by Cary L. Cooper, Edwin A. Locke (2000), the early work of Maier (1958) and Meyer et al. (1965) emphasized goal setting in the appraisal process. In a study, Latham et al. (1978) found that consistent with the theorys predictions, employee participation in setting the goals resulted in higher performance than assigning them, not because of greater goal commitment, but rather due to high goals being set. According to Dossett et al. (1979), a similar result was observed with Weyerhaeusers word processing employees. Goals and objectives set by the employers and employees should be discussed regularly. Erez (1977) asserted that for difficult goals to result in high performance, sufficient feedback is ve ry important. 2.2.3.2 Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) Cummings and Swabs presented the Behaviour Maintenance Model (BMM) to illustrate how people are motivated to perform efficiently in an organisation. This model emphasises on the significance of outcomes in the motivational process. Fig.1: Behavior Maintenance Model This framework shows that goal aspirations results in goal attainment and motivation. When goal attainment is achieved by the employee, it leads to job satisfaction which in turn leads the employee to become motivated. 2.2.3.3 Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory Expectancy theory is an idea that was introduced by Victor Vroom. The theory as explained by Kreitner Kinicki (2007) is based on the assumption that people are motivated to act in ways that will be followed by valued and desired outcomes. The theory says that an employee might be motivated when there is a belief that a better performance will result in a good performance appraisal which will help in the realization of personal goals. The theory focuses on motivation as the combination of valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Valence is the value of the alleged result. Instrumentality is the point of view of an individual whether he or she will really obtain what they want. It shows that successful act will eventually lead to the desired result. Expectancy refers to the different level of expectations as well as confidence regarding ones capability. Employees believe that these create a motivational force and this force can be represented by the formula: Motivation = Valence x E xpectancy The theory focuses on three things: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Efforts and performance relationship ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Performance and reward relationship ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Rewards and personal goal relationship 2.2.4 Conclusion: Performance Appraisal as Motivator? From the above reviews, it can be seen that no such research has been done to show if performance appraisal really acts as a motivator to employees. Bratton and Gold (2003) and Bowles and Coates (1993) claimed motivation to be one of the purposes of appraisals. It remains unconditional to know whether performance appraisal has a role to play in employees motivation. The research will therefore try to answer the following research questions: Does the Performance Appraisal System affect employees motivation? Does the system affect more a specific category of employees? How do employees perceive the PAS at the MRA? How do employees perceive feedback? Does the level of importance given to the system directly affect the employees motivation? Does the trust put on the appraiser influences the employees motivation?

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1285 Words

Introductions: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a lifelong developmental condition that affects, among other things, the way an individual relates to his or environment and their interaction with other people. The word ‘spectrum’ is the description of a range of difficulties that people with autism may experience and the degree to which they may be affected. Not everyone with autism have an accompanying learning disability and require continued specialist support because some people with autism may be able to live relatively normal lives. There are main areas of difficulty that are associated with autism people such as difficulty in social communication, social interaction and restricted or repetitive behaviours and interests†¦show more content†¦They assessed their DNA from blood samples. The researchers used a highly urbane technique that can detect duplications or deletions of one or more sections of DNA. Research suggests that mutated genes, which are found wit hin the Central Nervous System, which is similar to other neurological disorders such as Rhett’s syndrome or Huntington disease, may be the cause of Autism, as it is the part of the brain that effects information processes. (Autismresourcecenter.info, 2015). The environmental risk factors include much more than exposure to chemicals and it’s important to understand that. The term â€Å"environmental† scientists refer to influences other than changes in a gene’s DNA. None of these influences appears to cause or prevent autism. Autism Speaks, (2015). The age of the mother and father can trigger the onset of Autistic symptoms. Children born from a mother who’s older than 35 years and father who is over 50 years old are more likely to be born with some form of brain dysfunction or associated problems. (Autismresourcecenter.info, 2015) It is comprehended that psychological factors has informed increasingly well-designed and productive approaches to the education and treatment of children with autism, so that theory and practice can build on each other in a synergistic way. Psychological aspects of autism is distributed into sections covering the major areas

Importance of agriculture to economy of mianwali free essay sample

Mianwali is the district situated in the north of Punjab. It is located at the border of province KPK AND PUNJAB. This district was formed in the year 1906 . it has three tehsil’s Mianwali Easa khel Piplan The majority of peoples of mianwali belong to the field of agriculture . Mianwali consists of wonder full irrigation system. It consists of canals, river, and tube well, INDUS RIVER is one important source which provides water to many areas in mianwali. this river covers the areas of esakhel,mianwali,kundian,chashma,doaaba, etc.  due to this river most of the irrigation system in mianwali is easily approachable to all farmers. There are two major canals in mianwali too Thal canal Upper-Jhelum canal These two canal canals cover the major portion of mianwali. Apart from these canals there are many tube wells which fill the agricultural needs of mianwali people. From a long time the economy of mianwali was revolving around the crops which were more cultural in nature . These crops consist of wheat mungi and some vegetables. These crops were produced in mianwali for a long time but due to some problems these crops cannot give economical benefits to mianwali neither they can full fill the food needs of mianwali. But now in last ? years the type of crops being produced in mianwali is changed now mianwali people are producing crops like cotton, tobacco, etc. These crops are providing large profits to the people of mianwali and it is also providing people with employment . these crops are also giving industrialization in mianwali. In this article we will discuss about the effect of agriculture to mianwali. In Pakistan agricultural sector is of prime importance. It is the major source of income for the country during last 65 years. According to the latest survey it is contributing 1. 20. 9 % to the GDP. 2. Its growth rate is as low as 1. 5%. 3. It gives employment to 45% labor force So this scenario shows that agriculture is of prime importance to the economy of PAKISTAN. As mianwali is located in Punjab province so it also possesses a very fertile land. Due to this reason agriculture is also very important to the people of mianwali and its economy. Everyone knows that mianwali is traditionally producing those goods which are used as food, like wheat but in this article we will study about a few crops which are new in mianwali and which are making mianwali economically strong. EXPANSION OF COTTON INDUSTRY. The production of cotton in mianwali is increasing in last couple of years. MIANWALI was not known for the production of crops like cotton in the history but now mianwali is producing cotton at a high rate. Cotton is helping the economy of mianwali in many ways we will study those ways but firstly we will show the stats which show Amount of cotton in 2011 /acre Amount of cotton in 2012/acre 91000 96500 This increase in the production of cotton is providing mianwali with many benefits these benefits are explained shortly. Direct benefits. Employment Industrialization Increase in per capita Income Increase In the Production Tobacco Increase in the production of other crops Now these direct benefits are discussed in brief: Direct benefits Like every crop cotton has a direct benefit because cotton is a premium crop and it has a high market value so it gives farmer a very large amount of profit. This large amount of profit gives two benefits to the farmer .  1st is large revenue and 2nd is increase in per capita income. Also if a farmer gets large amount of benefit it proves incentive to work hard which helps to increase in income of the farmer directly and city and country indirectly. Employment: This increase in production of cotton is leading to many advantages to our district. The biggest of all these advantages is providing employment . f irstly when the people work on wages in the fields they get jobs. 2nd reason is that with the increase in production many GINNING FACTORIES have started working in the premises of mianwali. There are 33 ginning factories working in mianwali. Due to these factories many people in mianwali have started to get jobs in these factories. Almost 100 people are working in these factories. So at least 3000 people have got their jobs. This leads to increase in per capita income and ultimately to the stability of economy of mianwali. Industrialization: Industrialization is the thing which gives development to a country and a city every developed city in the world is developed due to its industry. Manchester is one of the most developed countries in the world it is just developed due its industry. In Pakistan Faisalabad Gujarat Gujranwala is one on of the developed cities just because of their industry. Cotton industry is providing mianwali with a chance to be industrially strong now in mianwali 33 ginning factories are working this is not a very big no but for a city like mianwali it is very healthy thing to have a start in the field of industry and this start is just because of crop of cotton . Increase in per capita income: Cotton factory is also increase leading to per capita income because if a farmer earns a direct revenue ,or a person gets a job in a factory or a person installs a industry it leads to the increase in earnings of mianwali and also it is leading to the increase in per capita income and development of economy of mianwali. INCREASE IN PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO: In the last few years the production of tobacco has increased in mianwali especially in last two years its production has increased at a very rapid rate, which can be seen from the following data. Amount in 2011 per acreage Amount in 2012 per acreage 1000 1500 According to this data the amount of production of tobacco has increased almost half of the amount since last year. This increase in the production of tobacco is giving mianwali many economic benefits. Firstly if the production of any crop increases it can increase the revenue, secondly it increases the rate of employment but the major benefit which mianwali has got from the production of tobacco is the INDUSTRIALIZATION because the increase in the rate of production has got the attention of PAKISTAN TOBBACCO COMPANY (PTC). due to the increase in the rate of production of tobacco PTC has started a plant in the mianwali. In the past few years the production of other crops is increasing in mianwali at a constant rate . for example the production of wheat is increasing at a rapid rate, wheat is an important ingredient of human food . it is a premium crop and increase in its production has lead to the increase in the rate of revenue earning for the people of mianwali. The increase in the production of all other crops is increasing the living standards of the people of mianwali . this increase in the production rate is increasing the per capita income. It is providing people of mianwali jobs and also giving mianwali a chance to be industrially strong. But there are some indirect benefits which people of mianwali are getting from agriculture now we will study about those benefits. BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURE FOR ECONOMY OF MIANWALI (INDIRECT): There are many benefits of agriculture in a country. Many people know about these advantages but there are some other advantages about which not enough people know but these advantages are as important as other advantages and they are also helping the economy in a descent way. FOCUS OF NATIONAL MULTINATIONAL AGRO COMPANIES: This increase in the rate of agricultural products has lead to the focus of many national and multinational companies in mianwali. This focus is giving people of mianwali a chance to get employment. Their are around 20 agro companies working in the mianwali presently . around 50 men are working in each company as a salesmen, accountant, managers, . So almost around 1000 people have got the jobs in these companies . so in a small city like mianwali it is proving to be very beneficial . this is increasing the per capita income and helping our economy in a great way. The volume of grain market has increased in mianwali at a rapid rate in mianwali(complete info about grain market is provided on a separate page). due to this increase in grain market it is easier for the farmers to get their grain into other areas and earn important revenue. (All the data was provided by ALI AKBAR GROUP) PROBLEMS FOR FARMERS IN MIANWALI As we have already discussed that mianwali is a remote area it is not much developed so our district is facing many problems in its agricultural process. The irrigation system of mianwali need to be improved and the farmers need to have some support from government. There are many problems faced by the farmers of mianwali a few of them are as follows: SHORTAGE OF WATER: Water is the necessity for agriculture easy access to water and better irrigation system makes it easier for farmers to produce good crops. Unfortunately many areas of mianwali are facing problems of water farmers don’t have easier access to water. Low level farmers cannot use tube wells .  most of the agriculture system of mianwali depends upon rain water so if there are no sufficient amount of rains farmers of mianwali suffer losses. Transportation of agricultural commodities: In many areas of mianwali like kacha there are serious transportation problems . farmers are not able to take their commodities to the other cities easily . as the farmers are not able to take their commodities to the other cities so, there is less amount of production because the farm ers know that they cannot sale their products in other cities so they produce in less amount. Cold stores Another serious which people of mianwali are facing is the problem of cold stores. Because there is no cold store in mianwali due to this reason the production of citrus is affected in mianwali because farmers know that if they produce in large amount then their fruits can be ruined due to the absence of cold store. So due to this reason production of goods is affected at a high rate. Inputs should be cost effective The inputs like fertilizers, seeds pesticides are really important for the production of crops. If the inputs are cost effective then it directly influences the rate of production. In mianwali these inputs are not easily available and also not very much cost effective. So to improve the economy of mianwali inputs should be cost effective. So to improve the economy of mianwali we need to find some solution of these problems because without solving these problems we cannot improve the economy of mianwali. STEPS TAKEN BY INDIAN GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR FARMERS AS COMPARED TO GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN PAKISTAN AND INDIA are two neighboring countries .  these two countries resemble with one another in many ways. The weather, economic conditions type of soil and many other traditions are same between these two countries but due to certain reasons India is much more economically strong than Pakistan. These reasons are as follows. Here is a short comparison between the steps taken by Indian government and Pakistan government is as follows: PAKISTAN Inputs are not cost effective Tube wells a re not easy for small farmers to install. Ways of transportation are not good. The middlemen’s in Pakistan reduce the benefit of farmers Transportation system is better in india. There is no middle man in india that is why farmers gets more profits. At the end we will like to end our article by suggesting that government of Pakistan should also take steps to improve the life style of our farmers as Indian government did. And there should be new methods in agriculture to improve the production and the farmers should be given skills so that they can enhance their production.

LONG TERM CAPITAL MANAGEMENT L.P. A CASE STUDY Essays -

LONG TERM CAPITAL MANAGEMENT L.P. ? A CASE STUDY Rarely if ever has a single firm had as tremendous an impact on international economics as Long Term Capital Management L. P. (LTCM). This report describes the company itself and its investment strategies, with particular attention paid to its international influence and importance. LTCM's activities in the financial world ultimately caused a near-collapse in the entire international financial system. In fact, had the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) not intervened to coordinate a major buyout of LTCM after it sunk into insolvency, the entire financial system could have been seriously jeopardized. Company Profile Set up as a particularly large hedge fund, and comprised of Ph.D. economists and established Wall Street bond traders, LTCM is a very interesting case, as well as an extremely volatile and important fund. Key Members and Their Backgrounds Founded in part by Nobel laureates Robert Merton and Myron Scholes, LTCM based its investment strategies on the mathematical models developed by Scholes, Merton, and Fischer Black. The model itself, commonly known as the "Black-Scholes Options Pricing Model", is famous for two major insights into economic thought. First, the model determines how to eliminate risk as a variable in the option-pricing equation. This was accomplished as a result of the second major insight, which was the idea of using continuous time for option pricing as opposed to second-by-second timing, a most crucial element that Robert Merton borrowed from a Japanese rocket scientist named Ito. Discovering how risk can be eliminated from large-scale investing is obviously an enormous break-through that puts greed in peoples' eyes and gets major investment players fighting for the chance to invest where the model will first be used in practice. Integrating the notion of continuous time into the pricing model elimina ted the problem of an appropriate option price being out-of-date by the time it was calculated. As champions of these powerful tools, Merton and Scholes decided to play the very financial markets that had already been transformed by their insights. The Black-Scholes model is: Value of a call option = P0N(d1) - X [N(d2)] eKRFt Where Po = the current price of a stock X = the exercise (strike) price on the option t = time remaining until expiration of the option KRF = continually compounded risk-free interest rate e = the natural antilog of 1.00 or 2.71828 N(d) = the probability that a standardized, normally distributed random variable will have a value less than or equal to d, essentially the hedge ratios.1 The Black-Scholes pricing model can adjust the value of options to reflect continuously changing stock prices. Black, Scholes and Merton appeared to have made the break-through that could finally bring perfect efficiency to the world's markets. John Meriwether, a wealthy and famous Wall Street bond trader from Soloman Brothers Inc., also played an integral role in the history of the firm. Meriwether left Soloman after having his name too closely associated with a bond-auction fraud scandal orchestrated by one of his colleagues. Meriwether, an old friend of Scholes, brought his expertise in bond markets and bond futures to the firm as its top executive. Also a co-founder, Meriwether brought with him from Soloman several of his former colleagues, who had also left Soloman after the bond fraud scandal in 1992. Hedge Funds and the Uniqueness of LTCM A hedge fund is organized much like a mutual fund (both are private, pooled investment accounts), but with some significant differences. Legally, a hedge fund is distinguishable by the fact that it limits the number of investors to 500 per fund. Also, to qualify to invest in American hedge funds requires a minimum capital amount of US$5 million for individuals, and US$25 million for institutional investors. In the case of LTCM, only those individuals and institutions that the fund's partners sought out were able to invest in the firm. Other things that distinguish hedge from mutual funds are: Hedge fund managers have almost complete autonomy in determining what assets to hold, and are not at all limited in what types of assets they can hold. Hedge funds are allowed to engage in short selling. Hedge funds may use leverage to increase levels of funding and of risk and return. Hedge funds can limit the amount cash injected into and withdrawn